Anatomy and Physiology I and II (BIOL221L and BIOL222L) Laboratory Manual

The laboratory manual begins with an Acknowledgments section that recognizes the individuals and organizations who contributed to the development of the course materials. It then provides structure and terminology lists for both Human Anatomy and Physiology I (BIOL 221L) and Human Anatomy and Physiology II (BIOL 222L), which serve as study guides for identifying anatomical structures and mastering essential vocabulary related to body systems. The manual also includes several physiology laboratory exercises designed to reinforce key concepts through hands-on investigation. In the Electromyography (EMG) lab, students examine the electrical activity of skeletal muscles and the relationship between muscle contraction and nervous system control. The Electrocardiography (ECG/EKG) lab introduces the electrical conduction system of the heart and teaches students how to analyze heart rate and rhythm. The Blood Pressure and Heart Sounds lab focuses on measuring blood pressure, identifying normal heart sounds, and understanding cardiovascular function. Finally, the Pulmonary Function lab explores respiratory physiology by measuring lung volumes, airflow, and breathing efficiency, helping students connect respiratory mechanics with gas exchange and overall health.