Chemistry 103 Lecture Notes

 Science and the Scientific Method
 Chemistry–The Central Science
 Classifications of Matter
 The Chemist’s “Shorthand”
 The Metric System
 Measuring Temperature
 Using Conversion Factors
 Scientific Notation
 Significant Figures
 Using Significant Figures in Calculations
 Using Significant Figures in Calculations (continued)
 Antoine Lavoisier’s Combustion Experiments
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
 The Discovery of Electrons
 Protons and the Atomic Nucleus
 Neutrons, Atomic Numbers, and Mass Numbers
 Isotopes, Atomic Weights, and Molecular Weights
 The Mole Concept
 Using the Mole Concept in Chemical Calculations
 Determination of a Formula from Percentage Composition Data
 Empirical Formulas and Molecular Formulas
 Molecules, Ions, and Polyatomic Ions
 Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds
 Acids, Bases, and Chemical Reactions
 Writing Balanced Equations for Chemical Reactions
 Qualitative Analysis and Quantitative Analysis
 Solving Problems in Combustion Analysis
 An Alternative Method for Solving Problems in Combustion Analysis
 Cooking, Chemistry, and Stoichiometry
 Solving Stoichiometry Problems
 A Typical Stoichiometry Problem
 Limiting Reactants
 Theoretical Yield and Percentage Yield
 Some Terms Used to Describe Solutions
 Calculations Involving Concentrations
 Stoichiometry of Reactions in Solution
 Volumetric Analysis Using Titrations
 Energy and Its Measurement
 Thermochemistry
 Enthalpy of Reactions
 Standard Heats of Reactions
 Hess’ Law
 Calculating Standard Heats of Reactions Using Hess’ Law
 Hess’ Law and Thermochemical Equations
 Heats of Reaction and Hess’ Law
 Heats of Formation and Hess’ Law
 Calorimetry
 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
 Determining Enthalpy Changes by Calorimetry
 Calorimetry Experiments in Food Chemistry
 The Origins of the Periodic Table and the Periodic Law
 The Modern Periodic Table
 Metals and Nonmetals
 Chemical Properties of Metals and Nonmetals
 The Origins of Some Acids and Bases
 Relative Strengths of Acids and the Periodic Table
 Electromagnetic Energy
 Continuous and Discontinuous Spectra
 Planck’s Quantum Theory and the Photoelectric Effect
 Bohr’s “Solar System” Model of the Atom
 Using Bohr’s Model to Predict the Hydrogen Emission Spectrum
 The Wave Nature of Matter
 Wave Equations for Electrons
 Atomic Orbitals
 Quantum Numbers
 The Pauli Exclusion Principle
 The Aufbau Principle
 Electron Configurations in Atoms
 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
 Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule
 Covalent Bonds
 The Modified Octet Rule
 How to Draw Lewis Structures
 Drawing Lewis Structures
 Resonance Structures
 Formal Charges and Coordinate Covalent Bonds
 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory
 Predicting the Shapes of Molecules Using VSEPR Theory
 A Summary of Molecular Geometries
 Polar Covalent Bonds and Electronegativity
 Polarity of Molecules
 Bond Energies and Bond Lengths
 Average Bond Energies
 Valence Bond Theory
 Hybrid Orbitals
 How to Determine the Hybridization of an Atom
 Sigma Bonds and Pi Bonds
 How Pi Bonds Are Formed
 Gases and Their Properties
 Boyle’s Law
 Charles’ Law
 The Combined Gas Law
 Avogadro’s Law
 The Ideal Gas Law
 Using the Ideal Gas Law
 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
 Using Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
 Graham’s Law of Effusion
 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases
 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory and the Fundamental Gas Laws
 Liquids and Solids
 Phase Transitions and Dynamic Equilibrium
 LeChatelier’s Principle
 Hydrogen Bonding
 Intermolecular Attractive Forces
 Crystalline Solids
 Properties of Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
 Miscibility of Liquids
 Solubility of Gases in Liquids
 Solubility of Solids in Water
 Using the Solubility Rules
 Electrolytes
 Colligative Properties
 Osmotic Pressure
 Using Colligative Properties to Determine Molecular Weights
 Colloids
 Chemical Kinetics
 Rate Equations
 The Method of Initial Rates
 Order of a Reaction
 Using the Concentration-Time Relationships
 Half-Life of a Reaction
 Energy of Activation
 Using the Arrhenius Equation
 Mechanism of a Reaction
 Free-Radical “Chain” Reactions
 How Catalysts Work
 Dynamic Equilibrium and LeChatelier’s Principle
 Free Energy and Equilibrium Constants
 Using LeChatelier’s Principle
 Solving Equilibrium Problems
 An Alternative Method for Solving Some Equilibrium Problems
 Heterogeneous Equilibria
 Using Solubility Products
 The Common Ion Effect
 Some “Real World” Effects of Dynamic Equilibria
 The Self-Ionization of Water
 Acidic Basic, and Neutral Solutions
 Using pH and pOH
 Calculating pH for Solutions of Weak Acids
 Calculating pH for Solutions of Weak Bases
 Conjugate Acids and Conjugate Bases
 Calculating pH for Solutions of Salts of Weak Acids
 Buffer Solutions
 How Buffers Work
 Polyprotic Acids and Their Salts
 Hydrolysis of Salts
 pH Titrations
 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
 Oxidation Numbers
 Balancing Redox Equations
 An Alternative Method for Balancing Redox Equations
 Electrochemistry
 Quantitative Electrolysis
 Applications of Electrolysis
 Galvanic Cells
 Standard Reduction Potentials
 Using Standard Reduction Potentials
 Cell Potentials, Free Energies, and Equilibrium Constants
 How Cell Potentials Depend on Ion Concentrations
 Applications of Galvanic Cells
 Nuclear Chemistry
 Balancing Equations of Nuclear Reactions
 Nuclear Stability
 Binding Energy
 Particle Accelerators and Particle Detectors
 Measuring Radioactivity
 Effects of Radiation on the Human Body
 Radiocarbon Dating
 Nuclear Energy

 Appendix – Chemical Nomenclature
 Appendix – Nomenclature of Acids and Their Salts
 Appendix – The Laws of Logarithms