Chemistry in Sickness and Health: A Survey for Allied Health Professionals

Chapter 1: The Units of Measurements in Health Sciences

1. The Scientific Method and Precise Measurements
2. Significant Figures: Mastering Precision in Scientific Measurements
   • Examples
3. How to Round Numbers
4. Calculating Results with Significant Figures
5. Significant Figures in Addition/Subtraction and Multiplication/Division
   • Addition and Subtraction
   • Multiplication and Division
6. Scientific Notation
   • Performing Calculations Using Scientific Notation
7. Measured Numbers
8. Precision and Accuracy: Cornerstones of Reliable Chemistry
   • High Precision–High Accuracy
   • High Precision–Low Accuracy
   • Low Precision–High Accuracy
   • Low Precision–Low Accuracy
9. The Units of Measurement
10. Conventional (British or Imperial) Units
11. Metric Units
12. Scientific Units (SI)
13. Converting Units
14. Conversion Factors from One Unit to Another
15. Base and Derived Units
16. Mass, Volume, and Density
17. Temperature Scales: °C, °F, and K

• Celsius Scale (°C)
• Fahrenheit Scale (°F)
• Kelvin Scale (K)

18. Health Notes
    Key Terms

Chapter 2: Atoms, Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

1. Atoms, Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
2. Physical and Chemical Properties
3. Types of Mixtures (Homogeneous and Heterogeneous) and Separation Techniques
4. Organization and Structure of the Periodic Table
5. Key Information Provided by the Periodic Table
6. Atomic Number and Atomic Mass
7. Element Symbols and Names
   • Uranium (U)
   • Einsteinium (Es)
   • Californium (Cf)
   • Sodium (Na)
   • Special Note
8. Periodic Trends and Element Properties
   • Ionization Energy and Electronegativity
   • Metallic and Nonmetallic Character
   • Reactivity and Group Trends
   • Ionic Sizes
   • Electrolytes and Biochemical Processes
9. Writing Lewis (Dot) Structures
   • Valence Electrons
10. Atomic Number, Protons, and Electrons

• Hydrogen Example
• Oxygen Example

11. Avogadro’s Number and the Mole
12. Mole Conversions (Particles and Mass)

• Moles to Particles
• Particles to Moles
• Moles to Mass
• Mass to Moles
  Key Terms

Chapter 3: Types of Chemical Bonds

1. Covalent Bonds and the Octet Rule
   • Covalent Bonds
   • Octet Rule
   • Examples
2. Lewis Structures
   • Basics
   • Construction
3. Naming Molecules
   • Rules
   • Examples
4. Single, Double, and Triple Bonds
5. Ionic Bonds
   • Examples
6. Electronegativity and Polar Bonds
   • Characteristics
   • Examples
7. Polyatomic Ions
   • Examples
8. Ionic Compound Formulas
   • Rules
9. Covalent vs Ionic Compounds
10. Transition Metal Compounds
11. Metallic Bonds
    Key Terms

Chapter 4: Energy and Matter

1. Matter, Heat, and Energy
   • Energy and Chemical Reactions
   • Units of Energy
   • Measurement of Energy Content
2. States of Matter (Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma)
3. Changes in Physical State
   • Phase Diagrams and Cooling Curves
4. Properties of Gases and Gas Laws
5. Attractive Forces
6. Solutions and Dissolving
7. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
   Key Terms

Chapter 5: Concentrations of Solutions

1. Solutions
2. Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
3. Solubility
4. Factors Affecting Solubility (T, P, Polarity)
   • Temperature
   • Pressure
   • Polarity
   • Applications
   • Saturated, Unsaturated, Supersaturated Solutions
5. Percent Concentration
6. Molarity (M) and Molality (m)
7. Equivalents
8. Dilution of Solutions
9. Osmosis and Dialysis
10. Tonicity

• Colligative Properties
  Key Terms

Chapter 6: Chemical Reactions

1. Writing Chemical Equations
2. Balancing Chemical Equations
   • Steps 1–4
3. Molar Mass
   • Examples
4. Mass–Mole Relations
5. Chemical Reaction Calculations
6. Enthalpy Changes and Energy Diagrams
   • Endothermic Reactions
7. Reaction Rate and Catalysts
   Key Terms

Chapter 7: Acids and Bases

1. Self-Ionization of Water
2. Properties of Acids and Bases
   • Broader Definitions
3. Weak Acid/Base Equilibrium Constants
4. pH Scale
5. Acid–Base Reactions
6. Conjugate Acids and Bases
7. Buffers
   • Henderson–Hasselbalch Equation
     Key Terms

Chapter 8: Introduction to Organic Chemistry

1. Hydrocarbons
2. Elements in Organic Molecules (C, H, O, N)
   • Carbon
   • Hydrogen
   • Oxygen
   • Nitrogen
3. Alkanes
4. Linear, Branched, and Cyclic Alkanes
   • Skeletal Representation
5. Geometry of Alkanes
   • Alkyl Groups
6. Nomenclature of Alkanes
7. Alkenes
8. Geometry of Alkenes
9. Cis-Trans Isomers
10. Aromatic Compounds
11. Alkene Nomenclature
12. Alkynes
13. Geometry of Alkynes
14. Alkynes Nomenclature
15. Hydrocarbon Properties

• Environmental Impact
  Key Terms

Chapter 9: Alcohols, Ethers, Thiols, and Phenols

1. Alcohols: Structure and Characteristics
2. Alcohol Nomenclature
   • IUPAC Rules
   • Classification
3. Chirality
4. Hydration of Alkenes
5. Dehydration of Alcohols (Zaitsev’s Rule)
6. Ether Formation (Condensation Reactions)
7. Thiols and Phenols
8. Physical Properties of Functional Groups
   Key Terms

Chapter 10: Carbonyl Compounds and Redox Reactions

1. Carbonyl Compounds
2. Aldehydes and Ketones
3. Nomenclature and Properties
   • Aldehydes
   • Ketones
   • Physical Properties
4. Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
   • Oxidation
   • Reduction
5. Addition Reactions
6. Carboxylic Acids and Esters
7. Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
   • Emulsification, Saponification, Surfactants
8. Physical Properties of Acids and Esters
9. Biological Redox Reactions
10. Thioesters and Phosphoesters in Biology
    Key Terms

Chapter 11: Amines and Amides

1. Nitrogen in the Environment and Organic Compounds
2. Naming Simple Amines and Amides
3. Types of Amines
   • Physical Properties of Amines
4. Alkaloids
5. Amines as Bases
   • Quaternary Ammonium Salts
6. Neurotransmitters
7. Vitamins
8. Amino Acids
9. Amides
10. Hydrolysis of Amides
11. Nitrogen-Containing Plastics and Polymers
    Key Terms

Chapter 12: Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes

1. General Structure of Amino Acids
2. Acid-Base Characteristics of Amino Acids
3. Essential Amino Acids
4. Proteins
5. Protein Structure (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary)
   • Primary Structure
   • Secondary Structure
   • Tertiary Structure
   • Quaternary Structure
6. Formation of Peptides
7. Protein Hydrolysis and Denaturation
8. Enzymes and How They Work
   • Examples of Enzymes
   • Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
   • Enzyme Inhibition
     Key Terms

Chapter 13: Carbohydrates

1. Carbohydrates
2. Monosaccharides
   • Common Hexoses
   • Common Pentoses
3. Disaccharides
4. Polysaccharides
5. Sugar Structures and Representations
   • Fischer and Haworth Projections
   • Functional Groups in Monosaccharides
   • Polarimetric Measurements
   • D- and L-Sugars
   • Chirality
   • Conversion Between Representations
   • Cyclization of Glucose
6. Reactions of Monosaccharides
   • Redox Reactions
   • Oxidation and Reduction
   • Reducing and Nonreducing Sugars
   • Benedict’s Reagent
   • Glycosidic Bond Formation
   • Other Carbohydrate Reactions
7. Anomers and Enantiomers
8. Carbohydrate Metabolism and Pathways
   • Natural Sources and Photosynthesis
   • Blood and Urine Glucose Tests
   • Galactosemia and Lactose Intolerance
     Key Terms

Chapter 14: Lipids

1. Structure of Lipids
2. Fatty Acids
   • Nomenclature of Fatty Acids
3. Triglycerides and Reactions
   • Hydrolysis of Triglycerides
   • Lipase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis
   • Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis
   • Base-Catalyzed Hydrolysis
   • Hydrogenation
   • Oxidation
   • Fats, Oils, and Waxes
4. Glycerophospholipids (Phospholipids)
   • Structure
   • Properties
5. Cholesterol, Bile Salts, and Hormones
   • Steroid Hormones
6. Cell Membranes
7. ATP and Energy Production
   Key Terms

Chapter 15: Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

1. Nucleosides and Nucleotides
   • Nucleosides
   • Nucleotides
2. Structure of Nucleic Acids
   • Primary Structure
   • Secondary Structure
   • RNA Structures
3. DNA and Transcription
   • Prokaryotic Transcription
   • Eukaryotic Transcription
4. DNA Replication
5. Recombinant DNA and PCR
   • Polymerase Chain Reaction
6. The Genetic Code
7. Viruses
   • Viral Life Cycle
   • Viral Mutation and Evolution
     Key Terms

Appendices
Appendix 1: Periodic Tables
Appendix 2: Common Functional Groups and Subspecies
Appendix 3: VSEPR Theory and Molecular Geometries
Appendix 4: Units and Conversion Factors
Appendix 5: Common Anions and Cations
Appendix 6: Krebs Cycle