A Comprehensive but Brief Introduction to Statistics in the Behavioral Sciences

To the student
Acknowledgments

Module 1 Statistical Preliminaries 
Basic Statistical Concepts
       Independent and Dependent Variables
       Samples and Populations
              Theoretical populations
              Measured populations
              Samples
       Types of Measurement
              Nominal scales
              Ordinal scales
              Interval scales
              Ratio scales 
       Summation 
       Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 
Introduction to IBM SPSS Statistics Software (SPSS)
       The Structure of an SPSS Dataset
              Data View
              Variable View
              The Toolbar
       What’s Next?

Module 2 Graphing
Graphing Data
       Let’s consider this example
       Bar Graph
       Bar Histogram
       Frequency Polygon 
       Line Graph 
       Common Mistakes
       How to create charts using IBM SPSS statistics software (SPSS) 
              Bar Chart
              Pie Chart
              Output 
              Histogram
              Output 
       Line Graph 
              Output 
       What’s Next?

Module 3 Measures of Central Tendency 
Properties of the Mean
Example of Normal and Skewed Distributions
Example of Measures of Central Tendency Calculated By Hand
Measures of Central Tendency Using SPSS on the Previous Example Data
Output 
Here is how to report the above output 
What’s Next?

Module 4 Measures of Dispersion 
Dispersion 
       Differences in variability can be described graphically
       Range of a Distribution
       Average Deviation
       Sum of Squares
       Variance
       Standard Deviation
       Example of Measures of Dispersion Calculated By Hand
       Measures of Dispersion Calculation Using SPSS on the Above mentioned Example:
       Output 
       Here is how to report the above output 
       What’s Next?

Module 5 Normal Distribution and Z-Scores 
Normal Distribution 
Z-Scores 
       Formulas 
       Determining Probabilities and Percentile Ranks Using Z-Scores
       The z-table 
       Example 
       Example 
       Example 
       What’s Next?

Module 6 Sampling Distribution of the Mean, Hypothesis Testing, P-Values Versus Critical Values, and Z-Tests
Sampling Distribution of the Mean
       Standard Error of the Mean
       Central Limit Theorem 
Hypothesis Testing
       Hypothesis Testing Steps
       Example of Hypothesis Testing Steps
P-Values Versus Critical Values in Statistical Decision-Making 
       Example of a z-test calculated by hand
       Example in Writing
       What’s Next?

Module 7 Populations, Samples, Estimation and One-Sample t-Tests
Populations and Samples
       Theoretical Population Versus Measured Sample Statistics
       Another Way to Think About It 
       Computations Using Degrees of Freedom
       The t-Distribution and t-Table
One-Sample t-Test 
       Example in Writing
       Another example of how to use the table
       One Sample t-Test Using SPSS on Example 2 
       Output 
       Example in Writing
       What’s Next?

Module 8 Two-Sample t-Tests
Independent Samples t-Tests
       Example of an independent samples t-test calculated by hand
       Independent t-test using SPSS on the abovementioned example 
       Output 
       Group Statistics Table 
       Independent Samples Test Table
       Example in Writing
       One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests of Significance
       Let’s consider this example
       A note about the sign of your obtained t-value
Dependent Samples t-Test (Paired Samples/Repeated Measures)
       Formulas 
       Example of a dependent samples t-test calculated by hand
       Example of a dependent t-test using SPSS on the abovementioned example
       Output 
       Example in Writing
       What’s Next?

Module 9 One-Way Analysis of Variance
One-Way Between-Groups Analysis of Variance 
       The Property of Additivity 
       Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance Computational Formula 
       Sum of Squares
       Mean Square 
       All ANOVAs are presented in a summary table
       Example of a BG one-way ANOVA calculated by hand 
       The F-Table
       Example in Writing
       Post Hoc Test/Fisher Least Significant Difference (LSD)
       One-way BG ANOVA using SPSS on the abovementioned example
       Output 
One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance 
       Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance—Computational Formula 
              Sum of Squares
       Degrees of Freedom
       Mean Squares (Variance)
       F-Value
       Example of an RM one-way ANOVA calculated by hand
       Summary Table 
       Post Hoc Test/Fisher Least Significant Difference 
       Example of one-way RM ANOVA using SPSS on the abovementioned example
       Output 
       Comparison of Between Groups and Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance 
       Example in Writing
       What’s Next?

Module 10 Two-Way Analysis of Variance
Two-Way ANOVA Example Calculated By Hand
Two-Way ANOVA Summary Table 
Two-Way ANOVA Summary Table 
Two-Way ANOVA Summary Table 
Fisher Least Significant Difference Post Hoc Tests
Table of Means
Two-Way ANOVA Using SPSS on the Abovementioned Example
Output 
Estimated Marginal Means
Example in Writing
What’s Next

Module 11 Correlation and Linear Regression
Correlation 
       Formulas 
       Cross Products (Computational Formula)
       Pearson (Computational Formula)
       Sums of Squares
Regression
       Standard Error of the Estimate (Syx)
       Example 1: Pearson r Correlation Calculated By Hand 
       Example in Writing
       Linear Regression on the Abovementioned Example 
       Pearson r Correlation Using SPSS for Example 1
       Output 
       Regression Using IBM SPSS Statistics Software (SPSS) on the Abovementioned Example:
       Output 
       Regression
       Example 2: Calculated By Hand
       Pearson r Correlation 
       Example in Writing
       Linear Regression 
       What Y (Twin 2) score could you predict from an X score (Twin 1) of 8?
       Example in Writing
Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient (rs) 
       Spearman Rank Correlation (Example 3) Calculated By Hand
       Example in Writing
       Spearman Rank Correlation Using SPSS on Example 3 
       What’s Next?

Module 12 Chi-Square
Goodness of Fit Test 
Formula 
Example Calculated by Hand—Goodness of Fit Test 
Goodness of Fit Chi-Square Using SPSS on Abovementioned Example 1 
Output 
Example in Writing
Test of Association/Contingency 
Example of Test of Association Calculated By Hand
Test of Association Chi-Square Using SPSS on Example 1
Output 
Example in Writing
What’s Next?

Module 13 Effect Size and Power 
Effect Size
       Cohen’s d 
       Pearson r 
       Pearson r2—The Coefficient of Determination 
Health-Related Indices of Effect Size
       Specificity and Sensitivity
Statistical Power

Module 14 The Unity of Statistical Indices

Conclusion 

Appendix 1: Statistical Tables

Appendix 2: Practice Problems

References

Index