Sample
In 1994, a concept was introduced that suggested that crisis management theories and applications were limited in their focus on the communication objectives that should be addressed during a crisis’s lifetime (Sturges, 1994). It pointed out that most crisis management publications focused on managerial actions in response to a crisis perceived to be a catastrophic negative outcome (Barton, 1993; Dutton, 1986). This paper introduced, and supported, the idea that any action of extraordinary level that predicts positive or negative impact on an organizational entity is a crisis (Dutton, 1986; Mitchel 1986). Very little light was shed on the communication needs during a crisis (Barton, 1993; Newsom & Carrell, 1986).