Cross of Christ or Cross of Conquest? The California Missions, American History, and the Future of Christian Faith

Edition: 1

Copyright: 2026

Pages: 154

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Ebook

$40.00 USD

ISBN 9798319720894

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Two thousand years ago, an obscure teacher from an oppressed colony changed the world. The Roman empire tried to kill his message by using their preferred instrument of torture: a cross. By his life, death, and resurrection, Jesus turned that symbol of brutality into the ultimate expression of divine love and empowered his followers to become peacemakers. But when the Spanish empire landed in the Americas almost 1500 years later, they used that same cross to justify their aggression. How could the cross of Christ have been turned into a cross of conquest? 

Dr. Jeff Hittenberger tells the story of the California missions to illuminate the history of California, the United States, and the Christian faith. He takes the reader on a pilgrimage from San Diego to Haiti, from Morocco and Spain to Jerusalem and Rome, from Tenochtitlan to Santa Fe, and then back to California. If you take this journey, you'll be better equipped to live with love and wisdom in our turbulent times and to choose the cross of Christ instead of the cross of conquest.

Chapter 1 O, Great Mystery
Chapter 2 Two San Juans and Two Views of the California Missions
Chapter 3 Haiti: Where the Story, Surprisingly, Begins 
Chapter 4 Morocco: Where the Story is Set in an Even Deeper History 
Chapter 5 Jerusalem: Where the Cross of Christ Changed the World 
Chapter 6 Rome: Where the Cross of Conquest Was Reborn 
Chapter 7 Santa Fe: Where You Can See American History in a New Light 
Chapter 8 San Diego: The Contradictory Realities of the Spanish Missions 
Chapter 9 Washington, DC: Where the Principles and Contradictions of American History Collide 
Chapter 10 Monterey: California Statehood and the Cross of Conquest 
Chapter 11 Grand Canyon: The California Missions and the Future of Christian Faith 
Chapter 12 Embracing the Cross of Christ and Engaging in American Democracy 

Chronology of Events Mentioned in this Text 
References 
Index

Jeffrey Scott Hittenberger

Jeff Hittenberger (Ph.D., University of Southern California) serves as a Professor of Education at Vanguard University. He has served as Chief Academic Officer at the Orange County Department of Education, Provost/Vice President for Academic Affairs and Dean of the School of Education at Vanguard University, and as a teacher of History and English in the Santa Ana Unified School District. He has studied, lived, or done research in Haiti, Morocco, Cameroon, Mali, South Africa, Togo, and Israel. He is lead author and editor of Education for Love and Wisdom: Effective Teachers for Challenging Times, co-editor of Love, Wisdom, and Belonging in Schools and Faith Communities: Embracing and Empowering Children, Youth, and Adults with Disabilities, and author of Why Wage War? An Interaction Unit Exploring the Ethics of War and Peace. He also serves as host of the Education for Love and Wisdom Podcast. You can communicate with Dr. Hittenberger at jhittenberger@gmail.com.

Two thousand years ago, an obscure teacher from an oppressed colony changed the world. The Roman empire tried to kill his message by using their preferred instrument of torture: a cross. By his life, death, and resurrection, Jesus turned that symbol of brutality into the ultimate expression of divine love and empowered his followers to become peacemakers. But when the Spanish empire landed in the Americas almost 1500 years later, they used that same cross to justify their aggression. How could the cross of Christ have been turned into a cross of conquest? 

Dr. Jeff Hittenberger tells the story of the California missions to illuminate the history of California, the United States, and the Christian faith. He takes the reader on a pilgrimage from San Diego to Haiti, from Morocco and Spain to Jerusalem and Rome, from Tenochtitlan to Santa Fe, and then back to California. If you take this journey, you'll be better equipped to live with love and wisdom in our turbulent times and to choose the cross of Christ instead of the cross of conquest.

Chapter 1 O, Great Mystery
Chapter 2 Two San Juans and Two Views of the California Missions
Chapter 3 Haiti: Where the Story, Surprisingly, Begins 
Chapter 4 Morocco: Where the Story is Set in an Even Deeper History 
Chapter 5 Jerusalem: Where the Cross of Christ Changed the World 
Chapter 6 Rome: Where the Cross of Conquest Was Reborn 
Chapter 7 Santa Fe: Where You Can See American History in a New Light 
Chapter 8 San Diego: The Contradictory Realities of the Spanish Missions 
Chapter 9 Washington, DC: Where the Principles and Contradictions of American History Collide 
Chapter 10 Monterey: California Statehood and the Cross of Conquest 
Chapter 11 Grand Canyon: The California Missions and the Future of Christian Faith 
Chapter 12 Embracing the Cross of Christ and Engaging in American Democracy 

Chronology of Events Mentioned in this Text 
References 
Index

Jeffrey Scott Hittenberger

Jeff Hittenberger (Ph.D., University of Southern California) serves as a Professor of Education at Vanguard University. He has served as Chief Academic Officer at the Orange County Department of Education, Provost/Vice President for Academic Affairs and Dean of the School of Education at Vanguard University, and as a teacher of History and English in the Santa Ana Unified School District. He has studied, lived, or done research in Haiti, Morocco, Cameroon, Mali, South Africa, Togo, and Israel. He is lead author and editor of Education for Love and Wisdom: Effective Teachers for Challenging Times, co-editor of Love, Wisdom, and Belonging in Schools and Faith Communities: Embracing and Empowering Children, Youth, and Adults with Disabilities, and author of Why Wage War? An Interaction Unit Exploring the Ethics of War and Peace. He also serves as host of the Education for Love and Wisdom Podcast. You can communicate with Dr. Hittenberger at jhittenberger@gmail.com.