Demystifying How It's Done: Research, Statistics, and Data Analysis

Forward

Chapter 1 What Is Research? 
              by Charla McKinzie Bishop
LO1 Defining Research 
LO2 Outlining the Scientific Method 
LO3 Types of Research 

Chapter 2 Qualitative and Quantitative Designs 
              by Melissa Duchene-Kelly
LO1 Quantitative Designs 
LO2 Qualitative versus Quantitative Methodology 

Chapter 3 Plagiarism and APA Style 
              by Katrina Kardiasmenos
LO1 What is Plagiarism? 
LO2 In-Text Citations 
LO3 References Page 

Chapter 4 Conducting a Literature Review 
              by Januela Burt
LO1 Getting Started: A Literature Review by Any Other Name 
LO2 Conjunction Junction—The Role of Boolean Logic in Literature Reviews 
LO3 Crafting the Perfect Annotated Bibliography from a Successful Review of Literature 
LO4 From Annotated Bibliography to Research Paper 
LO5 Summary: How to Tame Your Literature Review 

Chapter 5 Hypotheses in Social Science 
              by Darius Gwynn & Mariana Degante
LO1 What Is a Hypothesis? 
LO2 Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis 
LO3 Null and Alternative Hypotheses 
LO4 Types of Hypotheses 
LO5 Hypotheses in the Scientific Method 
LO6 Practical Examples in Social Science Research 
LO7 Common Pitfalls and Misconceptions 
Quantitative and Qualitative Research (Chapters 1–8)

Chapter 6 Sampling 
              by Shannell Thomas
LO1 Define Sampling and Its Key Terminology 
LO2 Differentiate Between Probability and Non-Probability Sampling Methods 
LO3 Identify Common Types of Non-Probability Sampling Methods 
LO4 Identify Common Types of Probability Sampling Methods 
LO5 Evaluate the Problems with Sampling 
LO6 What Type of Random Sampling Should You Choose? 

Chapter 7 Measurement and Scales 
              by Charla McKinzie Bishop
LO1 What are Different Types of Measurement? 
LO2 Different Types of Measurement within a Survey 
LO3 What Makes a Good Scale? 
LO4 Scale Reliability 
LO5 Scale Validity 
LO6 Last Details About Survey Construction: Avoiding Bad Wording and Including a Format
LO7 Developmental Issues and Surveys 

Chapter 8 Becoming an Ethical and Cultural Considerate Researcher 
              by Ayanna Lynch
LO1 Explain the Importance of Ethics and Culture in Research 
LO2 Describe the Ethical Standards for Students and Professionals in Your Discipline 
LO3 Describe the Core Ethical Standards for Conducting Research 
LO4 Identify How Considering Culture Can Strengthen or Complicate Research 
LO5 Recognize Different Types of Bias that Can Impact Research 
LO6 Practice Strategies for Being an Ethical and Culturally Responsive Researcher
Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis (Chapters 9–21)

Chapter 9 SPSS Basics and Entering Data 
              by Charla McKinzie Bishop & Katrina Kardiasmenos
LO1 Creating a Data File 
LO2 Entering Data 
LO3 Collapsing Scores 
LO4 Recoding Variables 
LO5 Selecting Cases

Chapter 10 Descriptive Statistics 
              by Ayanna Lynch
LO1 Defining Descriptive Statistics 
LO2 Distinguish Between the Three Categories of Descriptive Statistics 
LO3 Determine and Interpret Frequencies and Percentages 
LO4 Determine and Interpret Means, Medians, and Modes 
LO5 Determine and Interpret Range, Standard Deviation, and Variance 
LO6 Create Visual Representations of Descriptive Statistical Data 
LO7 Compare and Contrast Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics 

Chapter 11 Hypothesis Testing in Research and Statistics 
              by Leo Eyombo & Charla McKinzie Bishop
LO1 What Is Hypothesis Testing? 
LO2 What Are P-Values and Why Are They Important? 
LO3 Alpha Levels/Cutoff Points 
LO4 Types of Errors in Hypothesis Testing

Chapter 12 Power and Effect Size 
              by Michael Geuss
LO1 What Is Power? 
LO2 How Does My Study Have Power? 
LO3 What Exactly Is Effect Size? How Can I Calculate This? 

Chapter 13 Chi Square 
              by Charla McKinzie Bishop
LO1 What Is Chi Square and How Is It Used? 
LO2 Are There Different Types of Chi Square? 
LO3 How Do You Run-Chi Square Goodness of Fit Test Using SPSS? 
LO4 How Do We Read Chi Square Goodness of Fit Computer Output? 
LO5 How Do You Run Chi Square Test of Independence Using SPSS? 
LO6 How Do We Read Chi Square Test of Independence Computer Output? 
LO7 How Do I Write It Up? 

Chapter 14 Bivariate Correlation 
              by Leo Eyombo & Katrina Kardiasmenos
LO1 Introduction to Correlation 
LO2 Correlation Versus Causation: Correlation Does Not Equal Causation 
LO3 Terms Related to Correlation 
LO4 Types of Correlation 
LO5 Hypotheses 
LO6 Assumptions of a Pearson r
LO7 How to Run a Pearson’s r 
LO8 SPSS Output For a Pearson’s r 
LO9 Writing Up Your Results 

Chapter 15 Introduction to T-Tests and Independent Sample T-Tests 
              by Katrina Kardiasmenos
LO1 What Is a T-Test? 
LO2 Identify the Difference Between an Independent Samples and Dependent
Samples T-Test 
LO3 Independent-Samples T-Test 
LO4 How to Run Independent-Samples T-Test 
LO5 SPSS Output For an Independent-Samples T-Test 
LO6 Writing Up Your Results 

Chapter 16 Dependent Samples T-Tests 
              by Katrina Kardiasmenos
LO1 Why Choose a Within-Subjects Design? 
LO2 Hypotheses 
LO3 Assumptions 
LO4 How to Run a Dependent-Samples T-Test 
LO5 Writing Up Your Results 

Chapter 17 One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA 
              by Katrina Kardiasmenos
LO1 What Is an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and What Does It Measure? 
LO2 Hypotheses 
LO3 Assumptions 
LO4 How to Run a One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA 
LO5 Interpreting the SPSS Output for a One-Way ANOVA 
LO6 Post Hoc Tukey Test 
LO7 Writing Up Your Results 

Chapter 18 Repeated Measures ANOVA 
              by Katrina Kardiasmenos
LO1 Describe When You Use a Repeated Measures ANOVA 
LO2 Hypotheses 
LO3 Assumptions 
LO4 How to Run a Repeated Measures ANOVA 
LO5 Interpreting the SPSS Output for a Repeated Measures ANOVA
LO6 Writing Up Your Results 

Chapter 19 Linear Regression Analysis 
              by Charla McKinzie Bishop
LO1 What is Linear Regression and How Is It Used? 
LO2 Are There Different Types of Regression? 
LO3 How Do You Run Linear Regression Using SPSS? 
LO4 How Do We Read Linear Regression Computer Output? 
LO5 How Do I Write It Up? 

Chapter 20 Stepwise Regression Analysis 
              by Darla Scott
LO1 What Is a Stepwise Regression and What Does It Measure? 
LO2 What Should a Researcher Use Stepwise Regression 
LO3 What are the Assumptions of the Stepwise Regression? 
LO4 How Do I Conduct a Stepwise Regression Using SPSS? 
LO5 How Do I Interpret the Output and Write About a Stepwise Regression? 
LO6 Writing Up the Results: Interpreting the Stepwise Regression 

Chapter 21 Qualitative Research Design and Analysis 
              by Januela Burt
LO1 Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Methods Research 
LO2 Positionality 
LO3 Approaches to Conducting Qualitative Research 
LO4 Developing Codes and Themes in Qualitative Data
Putting It All Together (Chapters 22–23)

Chapter 22 Communicating Research 
              by Michael Geuss
LO1 Why Should I Present My Research? 
LO2 Elements of a Good Presentation 
LO3 Posters 
LO4 Manuscripts and Papers

Chapter 23 Typical Student Research Concerns 
              by Charles Adams
LO1 Compartmentalization Syndrome of Learning 
LO2 The Importance of the Literature Review 
LO3 Importance of Undergraduate Research 
LO4 Connecting Theories to Real-World Topics 
LO5 Designing Research Instruments/Surveys 
LO6 Statistics! 
LO7 Statistical Interpretation 
LO8 Time/Life Management 

Appendices
 A How Should You Decide What Statistical Test to Perform With Your Data?
 B PSYC 431 Paper Guide 
 C Factors Related to Academic Success: Learning Styles and Extracurricular Activities 

Glossary