The Disparate Treatment of Black Youth in the Juvenile Justice System
Edition: 2
Copyright: 2021
Pages: 230
Edition: 2
Copyright: 2021
Pages: 230
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The overrepresentation of Black (African American) youth in federal and state juvenile justice systems in the United States continues to challenge families, practitioners, other community stakeholders, and researchers.
The Disparate Treatment of Black Youth in the Juvenile Justice System is an edited volume that presents information on both the history and stages of the juvenile justice system in the United States, explanations of Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC), and the importance of individuals, families, schools and neighborhoods in addressing DMC. Written and edited by recognized experts in the field, The Disparate Treatment of Black Youth in the Juvenile Justice System provides the foundation for moving the DMC discourse, research, and policies in a different direction.
The Disparate Treatment of Black Youth in the Juvenile Justice System:
- Provides a framework for understanding the disparate treatment of black youth both in the past and in the 21st century.
- Sensitizes readers to the importance of federalism in the United States and how it both impacts and impedes state and local DMC policies and prevention strategies in spite of their critical role in the DMC policy process.
- Examines how state and local elected officials, (as well as bureaucrats, other practitioners, and interest groups) impact DMC – this is typically not included in traditional textbooks.
- Offers a holistic approach to understanding the lived experiences of black youth by focusing on the individual, as well as their families, schools/education, and neighborhoods.
About the Editor
Contributors.
OVERVIEW
Chapter 1 Black Youth and the Juvenile Justice System
Akeem T. Ray and Shakenna J. Durant
Terminology Related to Disparate Treatment
Causes of Disparate Treatment
Addressing Disparate Treatment
References
Chapter 2 Historical Overview of the Juvenile Justice System and Disproportionate Minority Contact
Rachel Thomas
The Four Eras of Juvenile Justice
The Differences between Adult and Juvenile Correctional Systems
The Four Phases of the Juvenile Justice System
The Minimum Age of Responsibility
History of Disproportionate Minority Confinement/Contact
Minority Treatment in the Juvenile Justice System
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 3 Stages of the Juvenile Justice System and Disparate Treatment of Black Youth
Brenda L. Hughes, Phyllis A. Gray, and Leroy A. Durant
Initial Contact (Taken into Custody/Arrest)
Intake
Adjudication
Disposition
Aftercare
References
Chapter 4 Theoretical Considerations and Disproportionate Minority Contact
Gregory J. Harris
Differential Involvement Hypothesis.
Differential Selection and Processing Hypothesis
Mixed-Model Hypothesis
Social Isolation Theory
Labeling Theory
Consensus Theory
Symbolic Threat Thesis Approach
Racial Threat Hypothesis
Focal Concerns Perspective
General Strain Theory
Liberation Hypothesis
Social Learning Theory
Ecological Theory Perspective
Conclusion
References
DOMAINS
Chapter 5 Individual Factors and Disproportionate Contact with the Juvenile Justice System
Anita Bledsoe-Gardner and Acacia Wilson
Theoretical Rationales
Personal and Structural Discrimination
Differential Involvement/Selection
Differential Processing
Mental Illness
Incarcerated Parent(s)
Educational Attainment
Conclusion and Policy Implications
Key Terms
Learning Activities
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 6 The Family Domain and Disproportionate Minority Contact
Julietta Raymond and Gregory J. Harris
African American Families: Systems of Adaptation
Conclusion
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 7 Disproportionate Minority Contact and the Obstruction of the Educational Process
Kristen Bowen and Rachel Thomas
Race and Education
Academic Achievement Test
DMC and the Impact of Standardized Testing
Social and Environmental Factors
School Failure, Zero Tolerance Policies, and Disproportionate Minority Contact
School Suspensions/Expulsions
Truancy
School-to-Prison Pipeline
Policy Implications
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 8 The Neighborhood Domain and Juvenile Delinquency
Huberta Jackson-Lowman and Ufot B. Inamete
Theoretical Explanations of the Role of Neighborhoods in Youth Development
Neighborhood Disadvantage and Juvenile Delinquency
Neighborhood Characteristics and Youth Outcomes
Best Practices
Policy Initiatives
Conclusions
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Suggested Readings
References
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS
Chapter 9 Poverty as a Stressor and Risk Factor for Negative Disproportionate Minority Contact Outcomes (DMC) among Black Youth
Gregory J. Harris and Colvin T. Georges, Jr.
Review of the Literature
Consequences for Black Youth and DMC with Law Enforcement
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 The Impact of Homelessness on Juvenile Delinquency and DMC
Ray Von Robertson and Cassandra D. Chaney
Review of Literature
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 “The Haves and the Have Nots:” Black Youth’s Lack of Privilege and DMC with the Juvenile Justice System
Cassandra Chaney
Goals of the Present Work
Research Questions
Review of Literature
Conclusion
References
GENDER, CRISES, AND LAW ENFORCEMENT
Chapter 12 Early Childhood Experiences and Delinquency in Black Girls
Mary V. Holiman and Anita Bledsoe-Gardner
References
Chapter 13 The Denigration of Black Motherhood and Its Impact on the Overincarceration of Black Youth in the Juvenile Justice System
Huberta Jackson-Lowman and Kaniqua L. Robinson
Introduction
The Role of Mothers in Afrikan and Enslaved Afrikan Families
The Devaluation of Black Motherhood through Myths and Stereotypes
Systemic Intersectionality and Overrepresentation of Black Youth in the Juvenile Justice System
Limitations
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 The Acceptance of Rape Culture and Sexual Violence against Black Girls in Entertainment and Athletics
Monekka Munroe
The Historical Disrespect of the Bodies of Black Women and Girls
Perception of Black Female Bodies
Rape and Sexual Violence as a Cultural Norm in the Black Community
Criminalizing Black Girls for Surviving Rape and Sexual Violence
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 #LivingWhileBlack: The Crisis of Policing and Profiling Young Black Males
Phyllis Welch
Living While Black (#LivingWhileBlack)
Policing in Black and White
The Hazardous Impacts of Racial Profiling Young Black Youths
Dehumanization: The Perceptions of Young Black Males
References
Chapter 16 “I’m calling the cops on you!” Three Cases Involving the Racial Profiling of Black Youth in America
Cassandra D. Chaney
Definitions of Racial Profiling
Scholarship on Racial Profiling and Racism
Tales of Racial Profiling: Reggie Fields, Jordan Rodgers, and Jeremiah Harvey
The Absurdity of Criminalizing Reggie Fields, Jordan Rodgers, and Jeremiah Harvey
What Causes Racists to Become Contrite
Conclusion
References
POLICIES
Chapter 17 Federalism Policy Impacts on Disparate Treatment of Black Youth
Ufot B. Inamete
Policy Sciences, Federalism, and Disparate Treatment of Black Youth/DMC Phenomenon
Revisiting the Concept and Phenomenon of Federalism
Federalism in the United States and DMC: An Overview
The United States Congress and DMC Issues
The Federal Judiciary and DMC
The United States Department of Justice: The Pivotal Executive Branch Organization in Terms of DMC Issues
Other Executive Branch Departments and Agencies
The Domestic Policy Council and Staff of the White House Office
Horizontal Federalism and DMC Issues
Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
References
Chapter 18 Disparity Is Real: Policies and Aspirations
Kenya Washington Johnson, Jacquelyn Reshard, and Keondra J. Eaton
The Juvenile Justice System Is Itself a Reform Initiative
Reforming the Reformers
Summary
References
Cited Cases
Dr. Phyllis A. Gray is a Professor of Sociology/Social Psychology, a Criminologist, and the former Chairperson of the Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice at Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University (FAMU). Previously, she served as FAMU’s Vice President for Research, and the Executive Director of the Juvenile Justice Research Institute. During her academic career, she has presented over 75 research papers at professional conferences, published numerous scholarly articles in national and international journals, and is the recipient of many honors and awards, including induction into the prestigious Sigma Xi National Scientific Research Society. Her research mainly focuses on race-related issues, and African Americans, and has been funded by The National Science Foundation (NSF), The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), The Florida Department of Juvenile Justice, The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, The Mississippi Department of Mental Health, and The U.S. Department of Education. She is the author of three books; The Disparate Treatment of Black Youth in the Juvenile Justice System (2014); From Imagining to Understanding the African American Experience (2012), and The Disparate Treatment of Black Youth in the Juvenile Justice System, Second Edition (2021). She received her Bachelor’s Degree with a major in psychology, and a minor in Criminal Justice from South Carolina State University, and both her Master’s Degree in Sociology with an emphasis on Race Relations, and her Doctoral Degree in Sociology with specialties in Social Psychology, and Criminology, from Iowa State University. Outside of Academia, she is the Director of the Virtual Pan African Cultural Heritage Institute, Inc., which features a Leadership Academy and a Speakers Bureau. She is an experienced Consultant on various topics including race relations and criminal justice issues. Dr. Gray is also a dynamic “Inspirational Speaker” on any aspect of the Black Diaspora and the African American Experience. A native of Beaufort, South Carolina, she is the mother of two children and currently resides in Tallahassee, Florida.
The Disparate Treatment of Black Youth in the Juvenile Justice System, 2nd Edition, edited by Dr. Phyllis A. Gray provides a scholarly thought provoking overview of black youth and the juvenile justice system in America. This evidence-based book has substantiated the significance and importance of the disparate treatment of black youth in the juvenile and criminal justice systems. The second edition provides a timely and thorough understanding of these disparities, and the urgency to seriously address this problem holistically. In addition to the original chapters, this edition has added crucial new chapters designed to meet the needs of faculty and students who are interested and determined to understand more about black youth in the juvenile justice system and what factors contribute to their disparate treatment. Chapters are presented in a clear and understandable format which allows students to grasp the reality of racial disparities of black youth in the juvenile justice system. Further, if these disparities are to be reduced and possibly eliminated then a keen, honest assessment of the problem must be done followed by real action and combined resources among stakeholders to effectively address the problem. This book is a powerful tool that can be used in courses such as Juvenile Delinquency, Juvenile Justice, Victimology, and Special Topics in Criminal Justice and Juvenile Justice.
Anthony L. Jenkins, PH.D.
President, Coppin State University