Earth in Space and Time
Edition: 4
Copyright: 2020
Edition: 4
Copyright: 2020
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Readers of Earth in Space and Time will become more critical interpreters of scientific ideas related to the Earth and will therefore make informed decisions in the future. The publication uses a “story book” format that starts at the beginning of everything and moves step-by-step to current times. Suitable for non-science majors who want to fulfill their science requirement, students will learn the integral role that earth science has in everything we produce, manufacture, and consume. The publication includes online resource links, figures, photos, and charts.
In addition, students are provided access to a study app that is available on the Apple iTunes and Google Play stores. The study app provides students with a variety of study tools that are customized to the publication. It includes customized study sections, flash cards, quizzes, explanations of incorrect answers, and analysis of personal performance.
BLOCK ONE ORIGINS, EARTH IN TIME AND SPACE
1 INTRODUCTION
Time
Distance
Scientific Method
2 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE
Introduction
Big Bang and the First Few Minutes
Next 400,000 Years
Next 1 Billion Years (1,000,000,000 or 1 [1] 109 Billion Years)
Next 5 Billion Years
Now, 13.8 Billion Years after the Big Bang
The Future of the Universe
Galaxies
Our Milky Way Galaxy
Stars
Supernovas
Neutron Stars
Black Holes
Doppler Effect and Red Shift
Cosmic Microwave Background
Is Anyone Else Out There?
3 ORIGIN OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
Introduction
Formation and Age
Sun Structure
Sun Surface
Surface Features
Character of Light
Our Solar System
Solar System Formation
Solar System Structure
Asteroid Belt
Meteoroids, Meteors, and Meteorites
Kuiper Belt
Comets
Oort Cloud
Comet Shoemaker-Levy
Heliosphere
Other Solar Systems
Origin of the Earth and the Moon
Early Earth
Origin of Our Moon
Formation of the Earth’s Surface and Early Atmosphere
Moon/Earth Motions
Earth Motions
Moon Phases and Eclipses
BLOCK TWO DYNAMIC EARTH
4 MINERALS AND ROCKS
Minerals
Atoms and Elements
The Periodic Table
Ions and Compounds
Mineral Properties
Mineral Groups
The Story of Diamonds
Rocks
The Rock Cycle
Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
Fluorescent Minerals
5 EARTHQUAKES
Where, What, and Why
Measuring Earthquakes
Earthquake Effects
Earthquake Mitigation
Earth’s Interior
6 PLATE TECTONICS
Early Observations
Modern Observations
Divergent Plate Boundaries
Convergent Plate Boundaries
Transform Plate Boundaries
7 VOLCANOES AND MOUNTAINS
Volcanoes
Hot Spots
Mountains
Deformation
Folds, Domes, and Basins
Faults
Isostasy
8 WEATHERING AND EROSION
Leveling the Earth’s Surface
Mechanical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
Soil
Mass Wasting
Erosion
Earth: The Water Planet
Hydrologic Cycle
Streams
Flood of 1993
Groundwater
Cold and Hot Earth
Glaciers
Causes
Types
Deposits
Effects
Deserts
Causes
BLOCK THREE TIME AND LIFE ON EARTH
9 GEOLOGIC TIME 129 Early “Geologists”
Modern Geology
Absolute Dating
Modern Geologic Time Scale
10 LIFE THROUGH TIME
“Precambrian” Time: Origin of Life on the Earth
Archean Eon: 4.0 Billion Years Ago to 2.5 Billion Years Ago Origin of Life on the Earth
Proterozoic Eon: 2.5 Ba to 544 Ma
What Is a Fossil?
Paleozoic Era: 542 Ma to 251 Ma Evolution and Expansion of Life
Early Paleozoic Era: Cambrian and Ordovician Periods, Complex Life Evolves
Cambrian Period: 542 Ma to 488 Ma
Ordovician Period: 488 Ma to 443 Ma
Middle Paleozoic Era: Silurian and Devonian Periods Life Expands
Silurian Period: 443 Ma to 416 Ma
Devonian Period: 416 Ma to 359 Ma
Late Paleozoic Era: 359 Ma to 251 Ma, Life on Land
Mississippian Period: 359 Ma to 318 M
Pennsylvanian Period: 318 Ma to 299 Ma
Permian Period: 299 Ma to 251 Ma
Mesozoic Era: 251 Ma to 65 Ma Dinosaur Time
Triassic Period: 251 Ma to 200 Ma
Jurassic Period: 200 Ma to 145 Ma
Cretaceous Period: 145 Ma to 65 Ma
Cenozoic Era: 65 Ma to Today, Mammals Arise!
Extinction and Evolution
Paleogene Period: 65 Ma to 23 Ma
Neogene Period: 23 Ma to Today
BLOCK FOUR EARTH’S OCEANS AND WEATHER
11 EARTH’S OCEAN
Continental Margins
Deep-Ocean Basin
Ocean Ridges
Ocean Water and Life
Salinity
Temperature and Density
Marine Life
Productivity
Ocean Processes
Tides
Surface Circulation
Deep Circulation
Waves
Beaches and Shoreline
12 EARTH’S AIR ABOVE
Atmosphere
Composition
Structure
Heat and Temperature
Earth/Sun Interaction
Moisture, Clouds, and Precipitation
Humidity
Clouds
Precipitation
13 WIND, WEATHER, AND CLIMATE
Wind
Air Pressure
Pressure Gradient
Wind
Coriolis Effect
World Air Circulation
El Nino/La Nina
Weather
Air Masses
Thunderstorms
Hurricanes
Climate
Ozone “Hole” and Global Warming
Color Signature
Glossary
Index
Carl Campbell is a faculty member in the Physical Science Department at St. Louis Community College-Meramec. He has 20 years experience in the oil industry as an exploration geophysicist/geologist. His summers are consumed as the director of a paleontology field program in the badlands of Montana. He is a member of the Geological Society of America and the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. His research interests are the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary interval of southeast Missouri and northeast Montana.
Readers of Earth in Space and Time will become more critical interpreters of scientific ideas related to the Earth and will therefore make informed decisions in the future. The publication uses a “story book” format that starts at the beginning of everything and moves step-by-step to current times. Suitable for non-science majors who want to fulfill their science requirement, students will learn the integral role that earth science has in everything we produce, manufacture, and consume. The publication includes online resource links, figures, photos, and charts.
In addition, students are provided access to a study app that is available on the Apple iTunes and Google Play stores. The study app provides students with a variety of study tools that are customized to the publication. It includes customized study sections, flash cards, quizzes, explanations of incorrect answers, and analysis of personal performance.
BLOCK ONE ORIGINS, EARTH IN TIME AND SPACE
1 INTRODUCTION
Time
Distance
Scientific Method
2 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE
Introduction
Big Bang and the First Few Minutes
Next 400,000 Years
Next 1 Billion Years (1,000,000,000 or 1 [1] 109 Billion Years)
Next 5 Billion Years
Now, 13.8 Billion Years after the Big Bang
The Future of the Universe
Galaxies
Our Milky Way Galaxy
Stars
Supernovas
Neutron Stars
Black Holes
Doppler Effect and Red Shift
Cosmic Microwave Background
Is Anyone Else Out There?
3 ORIGIN OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
Introduction
Formation and Age
Sun Structure
Sun Surface
Surface Features
Character of Light
Our Solar System
Solar System Formation
Solar System Structure
Asteroid Belt
Meteoroids, Meteors, and Meteorites
Kuiper Belt
Comets
Oort Cloud
Comet Shoemaker-Levy
Heliosphere
Other Solar Systems
Origin of the Earth and the Moon
Early Earth
Origin of Our Moon
Formation of the Earth’s Surface and Early Atmosphere
Moon/Earth Motions
Earth Motions
Moon Phases and Eclipses
BLOCK TWO DYNAMIC EARTH
4 MINERALS AND ROCKS
Minerals
Atoms and Elements
The Periodic Table
Ions and Compounds
Mineral Properties
Mineral Groups
The Story of Diamonds
Rocks
The Rock Cycle
Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
Fluorescent Minerals
5 EARTHQUAKES
Where, What, and Why
Measuring Earthquakes
Earthquake Effects
Earthquake Mitigation
Earth’s Interior
6 PLATE TECTONICS
Early Observations
Modern Observations
Divergent Plate Boundaries
Convergent Plate Boundaries
Transform Plate Boundaries
7 VOLCANOES AND MOUNTAINS
Volcanoes
Hot Spots
Mountains
Deformation
Folds, Domes, and Basins
Faults
Isostasy
8 WEATHERING AND EROSION
Leveling the Earth’s Surface
Mechanical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
Soil
Mass Wasting
Erosion
Earth: The Water Planet
Hydrologic Cycle
Streams
Flood of 1993
Groundwater
Cold and Hot Earth
Glaciers
Causes
Types
Deposits
Effects
Deserts
Causes
BLOCK THREE TIME AND LIFE ON EARTH
9 GEOLOGIC TIME 129 Early “Geologists”
Modern Geology
Absolute Dating
Modern Geologic Time Scale
10 LIFE THROUGH TIME
“Precambrian” Time: Origin of Life on the Earth
Archean Eon: 4.0 Billion Years Ago to 2.5 Billion Years Ago Origin of Life on the Earth
Proterozoic Eon: 2.5 Ba to 544 Ma
What Is a Fossil?
Paleozoic Era: 542 Ma to 251 Ma Evolution and Expansion of Life
Early Paleozoic Era: Cambrian and Ordovician Periods, Complex Life Evolves
Cambrian Period: 542 Ma to 488 Ma
Ordovician Period: 488 Ma to 443 Ma
Middle Paleozoic Era: Silurian and Devonian Periods Life Expands
Silurian Period: 443 Ma to 416 Ma
Devonian Period: 416 Ma to 359 Ma
Late Paleozoic Era: 359 Ma to 251 Ma, Life on Land
Mississippian Period: 359 Ma to 318 M
Pennsylvanian Period: 318 Ma to 299 Ma
Permian Period: 299 Ma to 251 Ma
Mesozoic Era: 251 Ma to 65 Ma Dinosaur Time
Triassic Period: 251 Ma to 200 Ma
Jurassic Period: 200 Ma to 145 Ma
Cretaceous Period: 145 Ma to 65 Ma
Cenozoic Era: 65 Ma to Today, Mammals Arise!
Extinction and Evolution
Paleogene Period: 65 Ma to 23 Ma
Neogene Period: 23 Ma to Today
BLOCK FOUR EARTH’S OCEANS AND WEATHER
11 EARTH’S OCEAN
Continental Margins
Deep-Ocean Basin
Ocean Ridges
Ocean Water and Life
Salinity
Temperature and Density
Marine Life
Productivity
Ocean Processes
Tides
Surface Circulation
Deep Circulation
Waves
Beaches and Shoreline
12 EARTH’S AIR ABOVE
Atmosphere
Composition
Structure
Heat and Temperature
Earth/Sun Interaction
Moisture, Clouds, and Precipitation
Humidity
Clouds
Precipitation
13 WIND, WEATHER, AND CLIMATE
Wind
Air Pressure
Pressure Gradient
Wind
Coriolis Effect
World Air Circulation
El Nino/La Nina
Weather
Air Masses
Thunderstorms
Hurricanes
Climate
Ozone “Hole” and Global Warming
Color Signature
Glossary
Index
Carl Campbell is a faculty member in the Physical Science Department at St. Louis Community College-Meramec. He has 20 years experience in the oil industry as an exploration geophysicist/geologist. His summers are consumed as the director of a paleontology field program in the badlands of Montana. He is a member of the Geological Society of America and the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. His research interests are the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary interval of southeast Missouri and northeast Montana.