Acknowledgments
Note to Students
Note to Educators
About the Author
CHAPTER ONE: WHAT IS COUNSELING?
A Definition of Counseling
Why Be a Counselor?
To Seek Help or Not
The Counseling Relationship
Reasons Why Clients Might or Might Not Improve
Counseling: Science or Art?
CHAPTER TWO: FIRST RESPONSES
The Nature of Responding
Rating the Usefulness of Responses
Attending Behaviors and Environmental Factors
CHAPTER THREE: THE FIRST SESSION
The Nature of the First Counseling Session
Tips for Beginning Any Session
Mistakes New Counselors Make
CHAPTER FOUR: EMPATHY, SYMPATHY, AND GIVING ADVICE
The Nature of Empathy
Giving Advice
CHAPTER FIVE: THERAPEUTIC LISTENING SKILLS
Effective versus Ineffective Listening
Opening Questions and Statements
Examples of Opening Questions and Statements
Nominal Encouragements
Suggesting Collaboration
Examples of Statements that Suggest Collaboration
Exploration Statements
Examples of Exploration Statements
Rephrasing Content
Rephrasing Expressed Feeling
Rephrasing both Expressed Feeling and Content
Summarizing
Validation Statements
Examples of Validation Statements
Examples of Invalidation Statements
Examples of Remarks that Invalidate
A Portion of a Therapeutic Conversation Between a Client and a Counselor
CHAPTER SIX: ASKING USEFUL QUESTIONS
The Nature of Asking Questions
Limiting Questions
Examples of Limiting Questions
Unlimiting Questions
Changing Limiting Questions into Unlimited Questions
Finding the Focus of a Question
Rules of Thumb When Asking Questions
Examples of Questions for Various Purposes
Revisiting Exploration Statements
Content versus Process
CHAPTER SEVEN: EMOTIONS IN COUNSELING
The Nature of Emotions
Anxiety
Sadness
Anger
Identifying Emotions
Appropriate Emotional Expression
A General Framework for Helping Clients Assess, Moderate, and Make Use of Their Emotions
CHAPTER EIGHT: INTIMACY
The Nature of Intimacy
The Dynamics of Distancing in Counseling
Rules of Thumb Regarding Intimacy Fears in Counseling
The Client or the Counselor?
Levels of Self-Disclosure
Lock Box Considerations
Rules of Thumb for Appropriate Self-Disclosure
CHAPTER NINE: CLIENT GOALS AND GOAL-SETTING
The Nature of Goals and Goal-Setting
CHAPTER TEN: SILENCE IN COUNSELING
The Nature of Silence in Counseling
Prolonged Silence
Statements and Questions You Might Use When a Client is Silent and an Intervention Is Indicated
Statements and Question You Might Consider Using When a Client Routinely Becomes Silent Across Several Sessions for Long Periods
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THERAPEUTIC CONFRONTATION
The Nature of Therapeutic Confrontation
Styles of Therapeutic Confrontation
Naïve Explorer
Nonverbal Witness
Behavior Commentator
CHAPTER TWELVE: PSYCHOTROPIC MEDICATION AND ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS
The Nature of Psychotropic Medications
The Nature of Nontraditional Medications and Treatments
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH AND WELLNESS
The Nature of Psychological Health and Wellness
The Intrapersonal Realm
The Interpersonal Realm
The Environmental Realm
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: MAKING REFERRALS
The Nature of Making Referrals
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: WHEN COUNSELING ENDS
The Nature of Ending Counseling
When Clients End Counseling Sooner Than Expected
When Counselors Choose to End Counseling
Terminating at the Conclusion of Fruitful Counseling
A Portion of a Termination Session
CHAPTER SIXTEEN: GRIEVING AND LOSS
The Nature of Grieving
Grief Counseling
What most Dying People Wish for
Your Patterns in Grieving
Responding to Clients