Experience Psychology! A Laboratory Guide to Psychological Science
Edition: 2
Copyright: 2020
Pages: 362
Edition: 2
Copyright: 2020
Pages: 262
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The first laboratory textbook for Introductory Psychology! Isn’t it about time Psychology joins the other sciences and gives students laboratory research experience at the introductory level?
Experience Psychology! offers a personally meaningful context for introductory students to explore the philosophy and practice of science and build scientific reasoning skills like research design, data collection, data handling, and null hypothesis testing, without expensive equipment and without assuming any background knowledge in core scientific principles.
The 2nd edition combines over a decade of “Intro Psych Lab” teaching experience into eight modules covering basic concepts in 1) the philosophy of science and exploratory research; 2) descriptive research, conceptual variables and operational definitions; 3) summarizing descriptive data and generating hypotheses; 4) correlational research and probabilistic testing of relationships; 5) experimental design and testing causal relationships; 6) quasi-experimental research; 7) experimental designs that increase power; and 8) the interpretation and communication of scientific ideas. Every module includes multiple options for laboratory research experiences that directly apply those concepts, with objectives, descriptions, procedures, and lab record worksheets.
The overarching design principle is flexibility. Any number of modules may be covered, and in any order. When necessary, content that builds on other modules is clearly cross-referenced and indexed. Tabbed glossaries with comprehensive definitions and multiple examples make it easy for students to quickly catch up on (or review) the meaning of terms from other modules.
With a direct, engaging writing style, this book introduces the concepts behind quantitative psychology and probabilistic reasoning with only conceptual references to mathematical formulae. One goal is to better prepare psychology majors for future courses in statistics and research design, but students of all majors who take psychology as a core science course should leave with a high level of scientific reasoning skills, on par with or exceeding the best introductory science courses in other disciplines.
Preface
An Open Letter to Students
Instructor Preface
Student Preface: Information That will Help You Learn More
What You Should Expect to Learn in Psych Lab
The Biggest Challenges and How to Navigate Them
Module 1 — The Science of Psychology
Essays Module 1 Learning Objectives Chart
1.1 Is Psychology a (Hub) Science?
1.2 Three Myths about the Scientific Method
1.3 The Philosophy and Practice of Science
1.4 Types of Research
1.5 Exploratory Research
Applications Module 1 Research Learning Objectives Chart
1A A Simulation of Exploratory Research: Identifying Types of Research
Procedure
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 1A
1B Practicing a Science Attitude: “I Saw it on the Internet, So I Know It’s True”
Getting Started with PsycINFO®
Finding the Date a Webpage was Published
Procedure
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 1B
1C Exploratory Research: The Marvelous Mammalian Eye
Procedure
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 1C
Glossary of Locational Terms and Examples, Anatomy of the Human Eye
Module 1 Glossary of Terms and Examples
Module 2 — Descriptive Research
Essays Module 2 Learning Objectives Chart
2.1 Fundamentals of Descriptive Research
2.2 Conceptual Variables and Operational Definitions
2.3 Surveys and Self-Report Data
Applications Module 2 Research Learning Objectives Chart
2A Identifying CVs and Operational Definitions in Published Research
Procedure and Summaries of Published Research
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 2A
2B Naturalistic Observation of College Students
How to Choose a CV and Write a Naturalistic Operational
Definition
Procedure
Sample Data Sheets
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 2B or 2C
2C Naturalistic Observation: Applying and Refining Operational Definitions
Procedure
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 2B or 2C
2D Writing Survey Questions and Visualizing Bias in Self-Report Data
Procedure
Module 2 Glossary of Terms and Examples
Module 3 — Summarizing Data and Generating Hypotheses
Essays Module 3 Learning Objectives Chart
3.1 From Raw Data to Meaningful Summaries
3.2 The Best Data Summary Depends on the Type of Data
3.3 Summarizing Interval (and Ratio) Data
3.4 Summarizing Data with MS Excel (and Google Sheets)
Box 3.1 – Entering Data & Simple Equations & Creating
Backup Sheets
Box 3.2 – Selecting and Sorting Data
Box 3.3 – Summarizing Data: Formulas & Calculations
3.5 Generating and Testing Hypotheses
Applications Module 3 Research Learning Objectives Chart
3A Summarizing Data with MS Excel or GS & Generating
Hypotheses
Procedure
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 3A
3B Sample Size and Estimates of the Truth
Procedure
Data Collection Sheet for Study 3B
Lab Record Worksheets for Study 3B
Part 1: Estimates of the Population Mean
Part 2: Estimates of the Population SD
Part 3: Detecting Differences Between Populations
Module 3 Glossary of terms and examples
Module 4 — Correlational Research: Testing Relationships Between Variables
Essays Module 4 Learning Objectives Chart
4.1 Correlational Research Measures Relationships
Box 4.1 – Creating Scatterplots in MS Excel or Google Sheets (GS)
4.2 Introduction to Objective (Odds-Based) Decision Making
Box 4.2 – Probabilistic Reasoning
4.3 Interpreting Correlations
4.4 Hypothesis vs. Prediction: A Critical Distinction
4.5 Evidence is Not “Proof ”
Applications Module 4 Research Learning Objectives Chart
4A Anxiety Sensitivity and Handedness: Is There a Relationship?
Applying Research Terminology
Procedure
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 4A
4B Generating and Testing a Correlational Hypothesis
Procedure
Study 4B Data Sheet
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 4B or 4C
4C Nomophobia and Social Anxiety
Procedure
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 4B or 4C
Module 4 Glossary of terms and examples
Module 5 — Experimental Research I: Testing Causal Relationships
Essays Module 5 Learning Objectives Chart
5.1 The Logic and Anatomy of Experimentation
5.2 Manipulation and Control
5.3 Measuring Differences Between Groups
Box 5.1 – The t-ratio: A Measurement of Difference
5.4 Objective (Odds-Based) Decision Making in Experimental Research
Applications Module 5 Research Learning Objectives Chart
5A Location of Perceptual Motor Aftereffects
Applying Research Terminology
Procedure and Bonus Information (An Amazing Visual System)
Data Sheet 1 For Participant A(DDD) and B(DND)
Data Sheet 2 For Participant A(NNN) and B(NDN)
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 5A
5B Language and Thought
Applying Research Terminology
Procedure
Study 5B Data Sheet and Bonus Information (American Sign Language)
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 5B
5C Mindfulness and Working Memory
Applying Research Terminology
Procedure
Study 5C Data Sheet
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 5C
Module 5 Glossary of terms and examples
Module 6 — Quasi-Experimental Research
Essays Module 6 Learning Objectives Chart
6.1 Quasi-Experiments vs True Experiments
Box 6.1 – Types of Single-Group Quasi-Experiments
6.2 Why Choose Quasi-Experiments? Ethics and Practicality
6.3 Thinking Critically About Quasi-Experimental Research
Applications Module 6 Research Learning Objectives Chart
6A Sleep and Concentration
Procedure
Study 6A Data Sheet
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 6A, 6B, or 6C … Warnings!!
6B Humor Styles and Self Esteem
Box 6.2 – Read Before Doing Studies 6B or 6C ... Warnings!!
Counseling Services (Crisis Text and NAMI Helplines)
Procedure
Study 6B Data Sheet
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 6A, 6B, or 6C
6C Self-Help and Social Support Networks
Box 6.2 – Read Before Doing Studies 6B or 6C ... Warnings!!
Counseling Services (Crisis Text and NAMI Helplines)
Procedure
Study 6C Data Sheets (Pretest and Posttest)
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 6A, 6B, or 6C
Module 6 Glossary of terms and examples
Module 7 — Experimental Research II: Increasing the Power to See Effects
Essays Module 7 Learning Objectives Chart
A Review of Experimental Terms and Logic
7.1 Designing Experiments to Test Hypotheses
7.2 Increase the Signal, Decrease the Noise
7.3 Matching Samples Reduces Noise
7.4 Within-Participants Designs: Less Noise, More Data
Applications Module 7 Research Learning Objectives Chart
7A Effect of Encouragement on Grip Strength
Procedural Notes
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 7A
7B Effect of Conversation on Reaction Time
Procedure 7B-1
Data Sheet for use with Procedure 7B-1
Procedure 7B-2
Data Sheet for Use with Procedure 7B-2
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 7B
7C Skepticism and Parapsychology
Procedure
Study 7C Data Sheet
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 7C
Module 7 Glossary of terms and examples
Module 8 — The Next Steps: Designing, Interpreting, and Reporting Research
Essays Module 8 Learning Objectives Chart
8.1 Building More Complex Experiments
8.2 Adding Predictions Alters Objective Decision Making
8.3 Experiments with Two IVs
8.4 “The Problem with Research in Psychology is...”
The “Common Sense” Problem
The “Artificiality” Problem
The “I Am Not a Rat” Problem
8.5 Reading and Writing Scientific Reports:
Connectivity, Replicability, Integrity, and Convergence
Applications Module 8 Research Learning Objectives Chart
8A Levels of Processing and Memory Performance
Procedure
Data Sheets and Debriefing Statement
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 8A or 8B
8B Music and Reading Comprehension
Procedure
Data Sheet for Study 8B
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 8A or 8B
8C Effects of Mindfulness and Attentiveness on Sport Performance
Procedure
Study 8C Data Sheet
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 8C
8D Your Own Research
IRB Approval
Procedure
Module 8 Glossary of terms And examples
Appendix A The Probability of Wrongly Rejecting the Null Hypothesis for
Multiple Comparisons
Appendix B Answers to Skill Check Questions
Appendix C A Guide to Writing Scientific Reports: “Apa-Light” Style
Appendix D Index of Bold & Italicized Terms with Glossary Locations
References
Carolyn Buckley holds a PhD in Integrative Biology (Behavioral Neuroscience) and a B.S. degree in Psychology and Education. She has taught lab and lecture courses in both statistics and comparative psychology (animal behavior), and has over 15 years of combined experience teaching introductory psychology labs and lectures. Of the two, she prefers labs, due to an almost excessive enthusiasm for teaching critical thinking and scientific reasoning through practical experience. She dreams of a future where all college graduates will have a real and lasting appreciation for scientific thinking, and will know the joy of doing real science, regardless of their majors.
The first laboratory textbook for Introductory Psychology! Isn’t it about time Psychology joins the other sciences and gives students laboratory research experience at the introductory level?
Experience Psychology! offers a personally meaningful context for introductory students to explore the philosophy and practice of science and build scientific reasoning skills like research design, data collection, data handling, and null hypothesis testing, without expensive equipment and without assuming any background knowledge in core scientific principles.
The 2nd edition combines over a decade of “Intro Psych Lab” teaching experience into eight modules covering basic concepts in 1) the philosophy of science and exploratory research; 2) descriptive research, conceptual variables and operational definitions; 3) summarizing descriptive data and generating hypotheses; 4) correlational research and probabilistic testing of relationships; 5) experimental design and testing causal relationships; 6) quasi-experimental research; 7) experimental designs that increase power; and 8) the interpretation and communication of scientific ideas. Every module includes multiple options for laboratory research experiences that directly apply those concepts, with objectives, descriptions, procedures, and lab record worksheets.
The overarching design principle is flexibility. Any number of modules may be covered, and in any order. When necessary, content that builds on other modules is clearly cross-referenced and indexed. Tabbed glossaries with comprehensive definitions and multiple examples make it easy for students to quickly catch up on (or review) the meaning of terms from other modules.
With a direct, engaging writing style, this book introduces the concepts behind quantitative psychology and probabilistic reasoning with only conceptual references to mathematical formulae. One goal is to better prepare psychology majors for future courses in statistics and research design, but students of all majors who take psychology as a core science course should leave with a high level of scientific reasoning skills, on par with or exceeding the best introductory science courses in other disciplines.
Preface
An Open Letter to Students
Instructor Preface
Student Preface: Information That will Help You Learn More
What You Should Expect to Learn in Psych Lab
The Biggest Challenges and How to Navigate Them
Module 1 — The Science of Psychology
Essays Module 1 Learning Objectives Chart
1.1 Is Psychology a (Hub) Science?
1.2 Three Myths about the Scientific Method
1.3 The Philosophy and Practice of Science
1.4 Types of Research
1.5 Exploratory Research
Applications Module 1 Research Learning Objectives Chart
1A A Simulation of Exploratory Research: Identifying Types of Research
Procedure
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 1A
1B Practicing a Science Attitude: “I Saw it on the Internet, So I Know It’s True”
Getting Started with PsycINFO®
Finding the Date a Webpage was Published
Procedure
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 1B
1C Exploratory Research: The Marvelous Mammalian Eye
Procedure
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 1C
Glossary of Locational Terms and Examples, Anatomy of the Human Eye
Module 1 Glossary of Terms and Examples
Module 2 — Descriptive Research
Essays Module 2 Learning Objectives Chart
2.1 Fundamentals of Descriptive Research
2.2 Conceptual Variables and Operational Definitions
2.3 Surveys and Self-Report Data
Applications Module 2 Research Learning Objectives Chart
2A Identifying CVs and Operational Definitions in Published Research
Procedure and Summaries of Published Research
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 2A
2B Naturalistic Observation of College Students
How to Choose a CV and Write a Naturalistic Operational
Definition
Procedure
Sample Data Sheets
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 2B or 2C
2C Naturalistic Observation: Applying and Refining Operational Definitions
Procedure
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 2B or 2C
2D Writing Survey Questions and Visualizing Bias in Self-Report Data
Procedure
Module 2 Glossary of Terms and Examples
Module 3 — Summarizing Data and Generating Hypotheses
Essays Module 3 Learning Objectives Chart
3.1 From Raw Data to Meaningful Summaries
3.2 The Best Data Summary Depends on the Type of Data
3.3 Summarizing Interval (and Ratio) Data
3.4 Summarizing Data with MS Excel (and Google Sheets)
Box 3.1 – Entering Data & Simple Equations & Creating
Backup Sheets
Box 3.2 – Selecting and Sorting Data
Box 3.3 – Summarizing Data: Formulas & Calculations
3.5 Generating and Testing Hypotheses
Applications Module 3 Research Learning Objectives Chart
3A Summarizing Data with MS Excel or GS & Generating
Hypotheses
Procedure
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 3A
3B Sample Size and Estimates of the Truth
Procedure
Data Collection Sheet for Study 3B
Lab Record Worksheets for Study 3B
Part 1: Estimates of the Population Mean
Part 2: Estimates of the Population SD
Part 3: Detecting Differences Between Populations
Module 3 Glossary of terms and examples
Module 4 — Correlational Research: Testing Relationships Between Variables
Essays Module 4 Learning Objectives Chart
4.1 Correlational Research Measures Relationships
Box 4.1 – Creating Scatterplots in MS Excel or Google Sheets (GS)
4.2 Introduction to Objective (Odds-Based) Decision Making
Box 4.2 – Probabilistic Reasoning
4.3 Interpreting Correlations
4.4 Hypothesis vs. Prediction: A Critical Distinction
4.5 Evidence is Not “Proof ”
Applications Module 4 Research Learning Objectives Chart
4A Anxiety Sensitivity and Handedness: Is There a Relationship?
Applying Research Terminology
Procedure
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 4A
4B Generating and Testing a Correlational Hypothesis
Procedure
Study 4B Data Sheet
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 4B or 4C
4C Nomophobia and Social Anxiety
Procedure
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 4B or 4C
Module 4 Glossary of terms and examples
Module 5 — Experimental Research I: Testing Causal Relationships
Essays Module 5 Learning Objectives Chart
5.1 The Logic and Anatomy of Experimentation
5.2 Manipulation and Control
5.3 Measuring Differences Between Groups
Box 5.1 – The t-ratio: A Measurement of Difference
5.4 Objective (Odds-Based) Decision Making in Experimental Research
Applications Module 5 Research Learning Objectives Chart
5A Location of Perceptual Motor Aftereffects
Applying Research Terminology
Procedure and Bonus Information (An Amazing Visual System)
Data Sheet 1 For Participant A(DDD) and B(DND)
Data Sheet 2 For Participant A(NNN) and B(NDN)
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 5A
5B Language and Thought
Applying Research Terminology
Procedure
Study 5B Data Sheet and Bonus Information (American Sign Language)
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 5B
5C Mindfulness and Working Memory
Applying Research Terminology
Procedure
Study 5C Data Sheet
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 5C
Module 5 Glossary of terms and examples
Module 6 — Quasi-Experimental Research
Essays Module 6 Learning Objectives Chart
6.1 Quasi-Experiments vs True Experiments
Box 6.1 – Types of Single-Group Quasi-Experiments
6.2 Why Choose Quasi-Experiments? Ethics and Practicality
6.3 Thinking Critically About Quasi-Experimental Research
Applications Module 6 Research Learning Objectives Chart
6A Sleep and Concentration
Procedure
Study 6A Data Sheet
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 6A, 6B, or 6C … Warnings!!
6B Humor Styles and Self Esteem
Box 6.2 – Read Before Doing Studies 6B or 6C ... Warnings!!
Counseling Services (Crisis Text and NAMI Helplines)
Procedure
Study 6B Data Sheet
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 6A, 6B, or 6C
6C Self-Help and Social Support Networks
Box 6.2 – Read Before Doing Studies 6B or 6C ... Warnings!!
Counseling Services (Crisis Text and NAMI Helplines)
Procedure
Study 6C Data Sheets (Pretest and Posttest)
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 6A, 6B, or 6C
Module 6 Glossary of terms and examples
Module 7 — Experimental Research II: Increasing the Power to See Effects
Essays Module 7 Learning Objectives Chart
A Review of Experimental Terms and Logic
7.1 Designing Experiments to Test Hypotheses
7.2 Increase the Signal, Decrease the Noise
7.3 Matching Samples Reduces Noise
7.4 Within-Participants Designs: Less Noise, More Data
Applications Module 7 Research Learning Objectives Chart
7A Effect of Encouragement on Grip Strength
Procedural Notes
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 7A
7B Effect of Conversation on Reaction Time
Procedure 7B-1
Data Sheet for use with Procedure 7B-1
Procedure 7B-2
Data Sheet for Use with Procedure 7B-2
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 7B
7C Skepticism and Parapsychology
Procedure
Study 7C Data Sheet
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 7C
Module 7 Glossary of terms and examples
Module 8 — The Next Steps: Designing, Interpreting, and Reporting Research
Essays Module 8 Learning Objectives Chart
8.1 Building More Complex Experiments
8.2 Adding Predictions Alters Objective Decision Making
8.3 Experiments with Two IVs
8.4 “The Problem with Research in Psychology is...”
The “Common Sense” Problem
The “Artificiality” Problem
The “I Am Not a Rat” Problem
8.5 Reading and Writing Scientific Reports:
Connectivity, Replicability, Integrity, and Convergence
Applications Module 8 Research Learning Objectives Chart
8A Levels of Processing and Memory Performance
Procedure
Data Sheets and Debriefing Statement
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 8A or 8B
8B Music and Reading Comprehension
Procedure
Data Sheet for Study 8B
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 8A or 8B
8C Effects of Mindfulness and Attentiveness on Sport Performance
Procedure
Study 8C Data Sheet
Lab Record Worksheet for Study 8C
8D Your Own Research
IRB Approval
Procedure
Module 8 Glossary of terms And examples
Appendix A The Probability of Wrongly Rejecting the Null Hypothesis for
Multiple Comparisons
Appendix B Answers to Skill Check Questions
Appendix C A Guide to Writing Scientific Reports: “Apa-Light” Style
Appendix D Index of Bold & Italicized Terms with Glossary Locations
References
Carolyn Buckley holds a PhD in Integrative Biology (Behavioral Neuroscience) and a B.S. degree in Psychology and Education. She has taught lab and lecture courses in both statistics and comparative psychology (animal behavior), and has over 15 years of combined experience teaching introductory psychology labs and lectures. Of the two, she prefers labs, due to an almost excessive enthusiasm for teaching critical thinking and scientific reasoning through practical experience. She dreams of a future where all college graduates will have a real and lasting appreciation for scientific thinking, and will know the joy of doing real science, regardless of their majors.