Force Science Peer Reviewed Science Research

Preface
FOUNDATIONAL PRINCIPLES
A Survey of the Research on Human Factors Related to Lethal Force Encounters: Implications for Law Enforcement Training, Tactics, and Testimony
SPEED AND DYNAMICS
The Real Risks During Deadly Police Shootouts: Accuracy of the Naïve Shooter
Ambushes Leading Cause of Officer Fatalities – When Every Second Counts: Analysis of Officer Movement from Trained Ready Tactical Positions
Police Officer Reaction Time to Start and Stop Shooting: The Influence of Decision-Making and Pattern Recognition
The Influence of Officer Positioning on Movement During a Threatening Traffic Stop Scenario
The Speed of a Prone Subject
The Influence of Start Position, Initial Step Type, and Usage of a Focal Point on Sprinting Performance
The Influence of Officer Equipment and Protection On Short Sprinting Performance
New Developments in Understanding the Behavioral Science Factors in the “Stop Shooting” Response
ATTENTION AND VISION
The Attention Study: A Study on the Presence of Selective Attention in Firearms Officers
Performing Under Pressure: Gaze Control, Decision Making and Shooting Performance of Elite and Rookie Police Officers
Command Types Used in Police Encounters
Command Sequence in Police Encounters: Searching for a Linguistic Fingerprint
HUMAN ERROR
Toward a Taxonomy of the Unintentional Discharge of Firearms in Law Enforcement
Further Analysis of the Unintentional Discharge of Firearms in Law Enforcement
Training and Safety: Potentially Lethal Blue-On-Blue Encounters
MEMORY
Memory and the Operational Witness: Police Officer Recall of Firearms Encounters as a Function of Active Response Role
Witnesses in Action: The Effect of Physical Exertion on Recall and Recognition
Police Officers’ Actual vs. Recalled Path of Travel in Response to a Threatening Traffic Stop Scenario
Law Enforcement Memory of Stressful Events: Recall Accuracy as a Function of Detail Type
Pursuit Driver Training Improves Memory for Skill-Based Information
TRAINING
Police Academy Training, Performance, and Learning
FORENSIC CONSIDERATIONS
Fired Cartridge Case Ejection Patterns from Semi-automatic Firearms
EQUIPMENT
Protective Vests in Law Enforcement: a Pilot Survey of Public Perceptions