Fundamentals of Police Science
Edition: 1
Copyright: 2022
Pages: 298
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The chapters in this textbook are intended to give the student a broad overview of what policing is. Although newspapers and other forms of media provide us with stories almost daily, on what the police are and what they do and their relationship with communities, news stories and popular accounts do not often discuss the statistical facts and deep underlying reasons surrounding subjects such as law-enforcement and policing. Why do communities need police? Have police helped reduce crime over the last 20 years?
How can we improve the profession of policing? These are all important questions. As we work our way through the chapters in this book, we will not only discuss the origins and evolution of police and their place in a civil society, but we will also learn to analyze and intelligently discuss what police are actually intended for and what they are called upon to do. If law enforcement is done correctly, it is a rewarding career that allows practitioners to work closely with people in a positive and meaningful way and make a difference in peoples’ lives. If done badly however, the police can extract a cost on communities and that is why we need to learn as much as we can about the subject.
Introduction
Chapter 1 Democratic Policing
Overview
Life, Liberty, and Property
Democratic Policing: What Is It?
Coercion as the Core Function of the Police
Liberty as the Core Organizing Principle of Policing: The Intelligent Use of Coercion
The Lack of Adequate Information about Police Coercion
Chapter 2 The Conceptual Basis and Historical Development of the Police from the Ancient World to England in the 1800s
Why Study History?
The Origins of Policing
Police in Ancient Egypt
Police in Ancient Greece
Police in Ancient Rome
Vigiles
Cohortes Urbanae
Praetorian Guard
Policing in the Anglo-Saxon Period
Frankpledge
Constables, Watchmen, and Thief-Takers and Stipendiary Policing
Bow Street Runners
River Police (Thames Police)
The Metropolitan Police Act and Sir Robert Peal
Sir Robert Peel
Chapter 3 Modern and Postmodern Policing in the United States
Why Did Policing in the United States Alter Course from Britain?
Early Police Departments in the United States
Boston
The New York Police Department
The New York Metropolitan Police
The Philadelphia Police Department
Summary
Policing Eras
The Postmodern Era of Policing
Chapter 4 Criminal Law
Federalism and Policing
Due Process Versus Crime Control
Criminal Law
Substantive Law
Criminal Procedure
A Brief History
The Warren Court
Opposition
Police Procedure
Fourth Amendment Interpretations
Legal Standards For Seizing Persons
Consensual Encounters
Investigative Detentions
Frisks and Pat-Downs
Beyond Terry
Duration of A “Reasonable” Investigative Detention
Police Actions
Arrests
Warrant and Warrantless Arrests
Entry To Arrest
Search Warrants
Facial Recognition
Exceptions To Search Warrants
The Search-Incident-To-Arrest Exception
The Plain-View Exception
The Community Caretaker Exception
Consensual Searches
Exigent Circumstances
Hot Pursuit
Automobile Exception
Inventory Searches
Pretextual Stops
Interrogations and Confessions
Going Forward
Chapter 5 The Basic Functions of Police Work
Basic Functions
Law Enforcement (aka Crime Control)
Order Maintenance
Service
Managing Calls for Service
Resources
History
How was the number 9-1-1 chosen?
911 Today
Patrol Practices
Patrol Personnel Deployment: Beats
Patrol Personnel Deployment: Shifts
Types of Patrol
Research on Patrol Practices
Rapid Response to Incidents
Two Officers versus One
Foot Patrol
Preventative Patrol
Targeted Patrol Practices
Special Patrols
Traffic Function
Chapter 6 Local Agency Structure and Organization
Overview
Organizational Mission and Mission Statement
Bureaucracy and Organizational Structure
Community Policing and Organizational Change
Special Functions and Units
Multi-Jurisdictional Task Forces (MJTFs)
Police Paramilitary Units
Chapter 7 How the Business of Policing Works - Operations, Management, and Administration
The Job of Police Officer: Fact versus Fiction
The Importance of Recruitment and Selection
The Recruitment and Selection Process
Eligibility Requirements
Testing and Screening
Training New Recruits
The Extent and Impact of Diversity in Law Enforcement
The Effectiveness of Female and Minority Officers
The Push for College-Educated Officers
Does a College Degree Make a Difference?
Minimum Education Requirements
How Many Cops Have a College Degree?
Police Subculture
Police Stress
Chapter 8 Entering “The Job”
“The Job”
The Police Personality
Self-Selection Or Socialization
Argument #1 People Self-Select Police Work
Argument #2 The Police Ethos Is The Product of Job Socialization
Pre-Entry Choice
Multiple-Hurdle Procedure
Admittance and Introduction
War Stories
Encounter
Day 1 At The Agency (Post-Academy Graduation)
The Fto Process
The Cop’s Code
Acceptance of Group Rules
Metamorphosis
Working Personality
The Public
Dirty Work
Nuance Wins The Day
Is Policing A Dangerous Occupation?
Risk Factors
Risk
Databases
Assault
Putting Things In Perspective
Accidents
What Is The Model Profile?
The Ideal Personality Characteristics
Warriors Versus Guardians
Chapter 9 Responding to Problems
Organizational Methods
Community-Oriented Policing
Problem-Oriented Policing
Broken Windows Policing
Operational Methods
Place-Based Strategies
Offender-Based Strategies
Evidence-Based Policing
A Summary of the Evidence on Policing Practices
Effectiveness and Equity
Chapter 10 Police Behavior
Overview
Effect of Police Behavior on Citizen Cooperation
Key Concepts: Legitimacy and Procedural Justice
Biased Policing
Police Deviance
Varieties of Police Deviance
Police Integrity
Explaining Police Deviance
Police Coercion and the Use of Force
Understanding Why the Police use Force
The Reasonableness of Force
Nature and Extent of Use of Force
Title 42 United States Code, Section 14142: Data on use of excessive force
Eric Dlugolenski, Ph.D. is an Assistant Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice and Undergraduate Director at Central Connecticut State University. A retired police sergeant, he earned a B.A. in Political Science from the University of Connecticut, an M.S. in Criminal Justice Management, and a Ph.D. in Criminal Justice from the University of New Haven. His research focuses on policing, procedural justice, use of force, police leadership, emerging technologies, officer wellness, and criminal justice policy. Dr. Dlugolenski has co-authored two books on policing, published extensively in peer-reviewed journals, and serves in leadership roles with national criminal justice organizations while coordinating experiential learning opportunities for students.
John DeCarlo, Ph.D. is a Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Coordinator of the M.S. in Criminal Justice program, and Director of the Center for Advanced Policing at the University of New Haven. A former Branford, Connecticut, police chief with 34 years of law enforcement experience, he earned his Ph.D. and M.Phil. from the City University of New York Graduate Center, an M.A. from John Jay College of Criminal Justice, and an M.S. from Tiffin University. His research focuses on community policing, police management, race and policing, police use of force, environmental criminology, and eyewitness identification. Dr. DeCarlo is the co-author of three books, has published extensively in peer-reviewed journals, and is a nationally recognized expert on policing and criminal justice policy.
Michael Jenkins, Ph.D. is Professor and Chair of the Department of Criminal Justice, Cybersecurity, and Sociology at the University of Scranton. He earned a B.S. from the University of Scranton and both his M.A. and Ph.D. from Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. He is the founding Executive Director of the University's Center for the Analysis and Prevention of Crime (CAPoC) and has served as Director of Academics for the development of an international Bachelor of Security Sciences program. A Fulbright Scholar with the London Metropolitan Police, Dr. Jenkins specializes in policing, police-community relations, police organization, and international policing.