How Drugs Influence Behavior: A Neuro-Behavioral Approach
Edition: 3
Copyright: 2018
Pages: 366
Edition: 3
Copyright: 2018
Pages: 366
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$113.45
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The profound effect that certain drugs have on behavior has ignited popular curiosity and has prompted a scientific search for the brain mechanisms that might be altered with drugs.
Written by Jaime Diaz, an active neuroscientist, the new third edition of How Drugs Influence Behavior: A Neuro-Behavioral Approach helps readers learn and understand how drugs alter behavior.
Traditionally any undergraduate course of study in drugs has required extensive prior training in chemistry and physiology. However, courses now have a surprisingly large number of students interested in drugs and behavior that were not in pre- medical, or biology, or physiology programs. Other readers may include an attorney seeking preliminary information for a case or social worker wanting to better understand his/her client’s behavior, and may especially include a concerned parent that wants to stay current with this vital field.
How Drugs Influence Behavior teaches basic principles of pharmacology and neurophysiology in such a way that a person motivated to learn can not only understand them but also apply them to the issues surrounding drugs and behavior.
How Drugs Influence Behavior: A Neuro-Behavioral Approach:
- Integrates a chapter order that illustrates certain principles about behavioral neuropharmacology in a sequence that seems to facilitate the students’ understanding of the salient issues.
- Helps readers become more aware of the issues surrounding drugs and behavior, helping them see that many of these issues are constantly in the news and applied on a day-to-day basis in their lives.
- Is student friendly! Each chapter includes introductory topics, practice exams, and activities to assess retention of concepts presented.
Chapter 1 Basic Pharmacology: How Drugs Enter, Navigate through, and Exit the Body
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
Introduction
Routes of Administration: How Drugs Enter the System
Enteral Routes
Parenteral Routes
Drug Distribution: How Drugs Navigate through the Body
Concentration Gradient Force
Body Compartments
Blood-Brain-Barrier
Components to the Blood-Brain-Barrier
Drug Biotransformation and Excretion
Functions of the Kidneys and the Liver
Half-Life and Clearance
Receptors
Types of Drug Receptors
“Main Effect” and “Side Effect”
Dose Response Curves
Intensity
Frequency Distribution
Cumulative Percent
Review Exam
Chapter 2 Basic Neurophysiology: Anatomy, Brain Circuits, and How Neurons Communicate
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
Introduction
The Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Basic Neuroanatomy: The Essential Geography of the Brain
Myelencephalon
Metencephalon
Mesencephalon
Diencephalon
Telencephalon
Functional Neuroanatomy: Brain Systems—“Brain Circuits”
Nigrostriatal System
The “Reinforcement”/Reward System
Meso-Limbic/Meso-Cortical System(s)
Neurons: The Basic Units
The Synapse
Presynaptic Surface
Postsynaptic Surface
Neurotransmitters: The Messengers
Classification
Review Exam
Chapter 3 Behavioral Issues: Tolerance, Withdrawal, Expectation/Set and Setting
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
Introduction to Behavioral Issues
Tolerance
Set and Setting
Withdrawal and Dependency
Review Exam
Chapter 4 The Placebo/Expectation Effect: How the Cerebral Cortex Can Alter Brain Circuits
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
Introduction
History of the Placebo/Expectation Effect
The Neuroanatomy of the Placebo/Expectation Effect
Remarks
The Importance of Expectation on Drug Effects
Review Exam
Chapter 5 Drug Classification
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
Introduction
Categorization of Drugs That Affect the CNS
Sedative and Hypnotics: CNS Depressants
Opiates: Drugs That Alter the Brain’s Pain Processing
Stimulants: Drugs That Produce Behavioral Arousal
Drugs Used to Treat People with Psychological Vulnerabilities
Hallucinogens
Drugs Used for Anesthesia
Drugs Used to Treat Epilepsy
Legal Scheme
Schedule I
Schedule II
Schedule III
Schedule IV
Schedule V
Review Exam
Chapter 6 Sedatives and Hypnotics: Drugs That Calm
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
Partial List of Specific Sedative/Hypnotic Drugs
Introduction
History
Pre-Barbiturates
Barbiturates
Pre-Benzodiazepine Non-Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
The Newer Non-Benzodiazepines and Distribution
Biotransformation
Behavioral Outcomes
Disinhibition
Treating Insomnia
Adverse Behavioral Effects
Effects on Brain Functioning
Peripheral Effects
Withdrawal
New Generation Hypnotics
Special Behavioral Issues
Cross-Tolerance and Summation
Differential Tolerance
A Closer Look at the Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety
Review Exam
Chapter 7 Alcohol: The Most Under-Respected Drug of Western Culture
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
Introduction
Types of Alcohol
Production and Dosing Ethanol
Absorption and Distribution
Biotransformation
Non-CNS Effects of Ethanol
Ethanol Effects on the CNS
Changes in Brain Functioning
Behavioral Consequences
The Balanced Placebo Design
Withdrawal
Neurological Consequences of Chronic Ethanol Use
Wernicke’s Encephalopathy
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
Special Behavioral Issues
Is There a Genetic Basis of Ethanol Abuse?
Is “Alcoholism” a Disease?
Review Exam
Chapter 8 Marijuana: The Outlaw Sedative
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
Introduction and History
Ancient History
Middle Ages
Seventeenth, Eighteenth, and Nineteenth Centuries in Western Culture
The Roots of Our Cultural “Reefer Madness”
The Forms of Cannabis
Absorption, Distribution, and Biotransformation
Tolerance and Withdrawal
Non-Direct Effects on the CNS
Pulmonary Effects
Effects on Intra-Ocular Pressure
Control of Nausea
Immune Suppression
Testosterone Levels
Sleep
Effects on the CNS
Behavioral Consequences
Persistent Misconceptions
Why Does Cannabis Command Such Cultural Concern?
Review Exam
Chapter 9 Opiates: Drugs That Block Pain
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
List of Specific Opiates
Introduction
History
The 1800s
The 1900s
The 2000s: The Onset of America’s “Opiate Crisis”
Absorption, Distribution, and Biotransformation
Behavioral and Peripheral Effects
The Mediating Mechanisms of Opiate Activity
The Opiate Receptor Types
The Endogenous Opiates
Opiate Receptor Antagonists and Mixed Antagonists/Agonists
Pure Opiate Antagonists
Opiate Agonists–Antagonists
Withdrawal
Morphine/Heroin Withdrawal
Methadone Withdrawal
Pharmacological Treatment of Opiate Withdrawal
Special Issues
The Role of Learned Tolerance in the Effects of Opiates
The Role of Opiates in the “Pleasure” System of the Brain
Opiate-Based “Designer” Drugs
Opiate Use by Adolescents
Review Exam
Chapter 10 Stimulants: Drugs That Energize
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
List of Drugs for This Section
Introduction
History
Cocaine
Amphetamine and Methamphetamine
Methylxanthines
Other Stimulants Found in Nature
Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion
Effects on the CNS
Effects on the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Non-Behavioral and Behavioral Consequences
Amphetamines
Cocaine
Methylxanthines
Nicotine
Chat
Toxic Reactions to the Stimulants
Medical Uses
Treating Narcolepsy
Treating Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)
Treating Obesity
Treating Respiratory Disorders
Local Anesthesia
Experimental Treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease
Notable Condition That Did Not Respond to Stimulants
Withdrawal
Special Issues
Brain Mechanisms of “Reinforcement” or “Pleasure”
The “Amphetamine Psychosis”
“Freebasing” Cocaine and Smoking Methamphetamine
Nicotine-Use Providing Insight to Addiction
Review Exam
Chapter 11 Drugs Used to Treat People with Psychological Vulnerabilities
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
List of Drugs for This Section
Prologue
Introduction
I. Antipsychotic Medications
History
Classification of Schizophrenic Disorders
Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion
Mechanisms of Action
Effects on the CNS
Dopamine Systems
Dopamine Receptor
Peripheral Nervous System and Behavioral Consequences of Antipsychotic Drugs
Withdrawal and Tolerance
Adverse and Toxic Effects
Acute Dystonia or Dystonic Reactions
Akathisia
Parkinson Syndrome or Parkinsonism
Tardive Dyskinesia
Special Issues
The Evolving Theory of Schizophrenia—More than Just Dopamine
The Pediatric Use of Antipsychotic Medication
Is Psychosis a Progressive Degenerating Condition?
II. Antidepressants
History
Absorption, Distribution, and Biotransformation
Effects on the CNS
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Atypical Antidepressants
Behavioral Effects
Withdrawal
Adverse and Toxic Effects
General Toxicity
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Special Issues
The Monoamine Theory of Affective Disorders
The Beta-Adrenergic Theory of Affective Disorders
Electro-Convulsive Shock Therapy (ECT)
Concerns Surrounding Prozac
III. Lithium and Mania
History
Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion
Behavioral and Non-Behavioral Effects
Effects on the CNS
Bipolar
Ketamine: Promising New Antidepressant?
Review Exam
Chapter 12 Hallucinogens: Drugs That Uniquely Alter Consciousness
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
List of Drugs for This Unit
Introduction
Sources and History
The Sacred Mushrooms of Ancient Central America: The Source of Psilocin
Peyote Cacti: The Source of Mescaline
Rye Grain Fungus and the Discovery of LSD
An “Old World” Hallucinogenic Mushroom: Amanita Muscaria
DMT and Bufotenine
LSD, Mescaline, and Psilocin: Absorption, Distribution, and Biotransformation
Effects on the PNS
Effects on the CNS
Behavioral Consequences
LSD
Flashbacks
Mescaline and Psilocin
Medicinal Psilocin
Tolerance and Withdrawal
Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and Bufotenine
Phencyclidine (Angel Dust) and Ketamine
MDA and MDMA
Amanita Muscaria: The Ancient Hallucinogenic Mushroom of the “Old World”
Salvia Divinorum: Hallucinogenic Sage
Review Exam
Chapter 13 Drug Intake during Pregnancy
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
List of Drugs for This Chapter
Introduction
Early Human Development
Anatomical Chronology
The Functional Approach
The Brain Growth Spurt
Absorption and Excretion in the Fetal Compartment
Drug Use during Pregnancy
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Central Nervous System Dysfunction
Growth Deficiency
Facial Abnormalities
Smoking during Pregnancy
Marijuana Use during Pregnancy
Opiate Use during Pregnancy
Cocaine and Methamphetamine Use during Pregnancy
Anticonvulsant Medication Use during Pregnancy
Antidepressant Use during Pregnancy
Caffeine Use during Pregnancy
Review Exam
Glossary
Index
The profound effect that certain drugs have on behavior has ignited popular curiosity and has prompted a scientific search for the brain mechanisms that might be altered with drugs.
Written by Jaime Diaz, an active neuroscientist, the new third edition of How Drugs Influence Behavior: A Neuro-Behavioral Approach helps readers learn and understand how drugs alter behavior.
Traditionally any undergraduate course of study in drugs has required extensive prior training in chemistry and physiology. However, courses now have a surprisingly large number of students interested in drugs and behavior that were not in pre- medical, or biology, or physiology programs. Other readers may include an attorney seeking preliminary information for a case or social worker wanting to better understand his/her client’s behavior, and may especially include a concerned parent that wants to stay current with this vital field.
How Drugs Influence Behavior teaches basic principles of pharmacology and neurophysiology in such a way that a person motivated to learn can not only understand them but also apply them to the issues surrounding drugs and behavior.
How Drugs Influence Behavior: A Neuro-Behavioral Approach:
- Integrates a chapter order that illustrates certain principles about behavioral neuropharmacology in a sequence that seems to facilitate the students’ understanding of the salient issues.
- Helps readers become more aware of the issues surrounding drugs and behavior, helping them see that many of these issues are constantly in the news and applied on a day-to-day basis in their lives.
- Is student friendly! Each chapter includes introductory topics, practice exams, and activities to assess retention of concepts presented.
Chapter 1 Basic Pharmacology: How Drugs Enter, Navigate through, and Exit the Body
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
Introduction
Routes of Administration: How Drugs Enter the System
Enteral Routes
Parenteral Routes
Drug Distribution: How Drugs Navigate through the Body
Concentration Gradient Force
Body Compartments
Blood-Brain-Barrier
Components to the Blood-Brain-Barrier
Drug Biotransformation and Excretion
Functions of the Kidneys and the Liver
Half-Life and Clearance
Receptors
Types of Drug Receptors
“Main Effect” and “Side Effect”
Dose Response Curves
Intensity
Frequency Distribution
Cumulative Percent
Review Exam
Chapter 2 Basic Neurophysiology: Anatomy, Brain Circuits, and How Neurons Communicate
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
Introduction
The Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Basic Neuroanatomy: The Essential Geography of the Brain
Myelencephalon
Metencephalon
Mesencephalon
Diencephalon
Telencephalon
Functional Neuroanatomy: Brain Systems—“Brain Circuits”
Nigrostriatal System
The “Reinforcement”/Reward System
Meso-Limbic/Meso-Cortical System(s)
Neurons: The Basic Units
The Synapse
Presynaptic Surface
Postsynaptic Surface
Neurotransmitters: The Messengers
Classification
Review Exam
Chapter 3 Behavioral Issues: Tolerance, Withdrawal, Expectation/Set and Setting
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
Introduction to Behavioral Issues
Tolerance
Set and Setting
Withdrawal and Dependency
Review Exam
Chapter 4 The Placebo/Expectation Effect: How the Cerebral Cortex Can Alter Brain Circuits
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
Introduction
History of the Placebo/Expectation Effect
The Neuroanatomy of the Placebo/Expectation Effect
Remarks
The Importance of Expectation on Drug Effects
Review Exam
Chapter 5 Drug Classification
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
Introduction
Categorization of Drugs That Affect the CNS
Sedative and Hypnotics: CNS Depressants
Opiates: Drugs That Alter the Brain’s Pain Processing
Stimulants: Drugs That Produce Behavioral Arousal
Drugs Used to Treat People with Psychological Vulnerabilities
Hallucinogens
Drugs Used for Anesthesia
Drugs Used to Treat Epilepsy
Legal Scheme
Schedule I
Schedule II
Schedule III
Schedule IV
Schedule V
Review Exam
Chapter 6 Sedatives and Hypnotics: Drugs That Calm
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
Partial List of Specific Sedative/Hypnotic Drugs
Introduction
History
Pre-Barbiturates
Barbiturates
Pre-Benzodiazepine Non-Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
The Newer Non-Benzodiazepines and Distribution
Biotransformation
Behavioral Outcomes
Disinhibition
Treating Insomnia
Adverse Behavioral Effects
Effects on Brain Functioning
Peripheral Effects
Withdrawal
New Generation Hypnotics
Special Behavioral Issues
Cross-Tolerance and Summation
Differential Tolerance
A Closer Look at the Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety
Review Exam
Chapter 7 Alcohol: The Most Under-Respected Drug of Western Culture
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
Introduction
Types of Alcohol
Production and Dosing Ethanol
Absorption and Distribution
Biotransformation
Non-CNS Effects of Ethanol
Ethanol Effects on the CNS
Changes in Brain Functioning
Behavioral Consequences
The Balanced Placebo Design
Withdrawal
Neurological Consequences of Chronic Ethanol Use
Wernicke’s Encephalopathy
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
Special Behavioral Issues
Is There a Genetic Basis of Ethanol Abuse?
Is “Alcoholism” a Disease?
Review Exam
Chapter 8 Marijuana: The Outlaw Sedative
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
Introduction and History
Ancient History
Middle Ages
Seventeenth, Eighteenth, and Nineteenth Centuries in Western Culture
The Roots of Our Cultural “Reefer Madness”
The Forms of Cannabis
Absorption, Distribution, and Biotransformation
Tolerance and Withdrawal
Non-Direct Effects on the CNS
Pulmonary Effects
Effects on Intra-Ocular Pressure
Control of Nausea
Immune Suppression
Testosterone Levels
Sleep
Effects on the CNS
Behavioral Consequences
Persistent Misconceptions
Why Does Cannabis Command Such Cultural Concern?
Review Exam
Chapter 9 Opiates: Drugs That Block Pain
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
List of Specific Opiates
Introduction
History
The 1800s
The 1900s
The 2000s: The Onset of America’s “Opiate Crisis”
Absorption, Distribution, and Biotransformation
Behavioral and Peripheral Effects
The Mediating Mechanisms of Opiate Activity
The Opiate Receptor Types
The Endogenous Opiates
Opiate Receptor Antagonists and Mixed Antagonists/Agonists
Pure Opiate Antagonists
Opiate Agonists–Antagonists
Withdrawal
Morphine/Heroin Withdrawal
Methadone Withdrawal
Pharmacological Treatment of Opiate Withdrawal
Special Issues
The Role of Learned Tolerance in the Effects of Opiates
The Role of Opiates in the “Pleasure” System of the Brain
Opiate-Based “Designer” Drugs
Opiate Use by Adolescents
Review Exam
Chapter 10 Stimulants: Drugs That Energize
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
List of Drugs for This Section
Introduction
History
Cocaine
Amphetamine and Methamphetamine
Methylxanthines
Other Stimulants Found in Nature
Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion
Effects on the CNS
Effects on the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Non-Behavioral and Behavioral Consequences
Amphetamines
Cocaine
Methylxanthines
Nicotine
Chat
Toxic Reactions to the Stimulants
Medical Uses
Treating Narcolepsy
Treating Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)
Treating Obesity
Treating Respiratory Disorders
Local Anesthesia
Experimental Treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease
Notable Condition That Did Not Respond to Stimulants
Withdrawal
Special Issues
Brain Mechanisms of “Reinforcement” or “Pleasure”
The “Amphetamine Psychosis”
“Freebasing” Cocaine and Smoking Methamphetamine
Nicotine-Use Providing Insight to Addiction
Review Exam
Chapter 11 Drugs Used to Treat People with Psychological Vulnerabilities
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
List of Drugs for This Section
Prologue
Introduction
I. Antipsychotic Medications
History
Classification of Schizophrenic Disorders
Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion
Mechanisms of Action
Effects on the CNS
Dopamine Systems
Dopamine Receptor
Peripheral Nervous System and Behavioral Consequences of Antipsychotic Drugs
Withdrawal and Tolerance
Adverse and Toxic Effects
Acute Dystonia or Dystonic Reactions
Akathisia
Parkinson Syndrome or Parkinsonism
Tardive Dyskinesia
Special Issues
The Evolving Theory of Schizophrenia—More than Just Dopamine
The Pediatric Use of Antipsychotic Medication
Is Psychosis a Progressive Degenerating Condition?
II. Antidepressants
History
Absorption, Distribution, and Biotransformation
Effects on the CNS
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Atypical Antidepressants
Behavioral Effects
Withdrawal
Adverse and Toxic Effects
General Toxicity
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Special Issues
The Monoamine Theory of Affective Disorders
The Beta-Adrenergic Theory of Affective Disorders
Electro-Convulsive Shock Therapy (ECT)
Concerns Surrounding Prozac
III. Lithium and Mania
History
Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion
Behavioral and Non-Behavioral Effects
Effects on the CNS
Bipolar
Ketamine: Promising New Antidepressant?
Review Exam
Chapter 12 Hallucinogens: Drugs That Uniquely Alter Consciousness
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
List of Drugs for This Unit
Introduction
Sources and History
The Sacred Mushrooms of Ancient Central America: The Source of Psilocin
Peyote Cacti: The Source of Mescaline
Rye Grain Fungus and the Discovery of LSD
An “Old World” Hallucinogenic Mushroom: Amanita Muscaria
DMT and Bufotenine
LSD, Mescaline, and Psilocin: Absorption, Distribution, and Biotransformation
Effects on the PNS
Effects on the CNS
Behavioral Consequences
LSD
Flashbacks
Mescaline and Psilocin
Medicinal Psilocin
Tolerance and Withdrawal
Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and Bufotenine
Phencyclidine (Angel Dust) and Ketamine
MDA and MDMA
Amanita Muscaria: The Ancient Hallucinogenic Mushroom of the “Old World”
Salvia Divinorum: Hallucinogenic Sage
Review Exam
Chapter 13 Drug Intake during Pregnancy
General Issues Addressed in This Chapter
List of Drugs for This Chapter
Introduction
Early Human Development
Anatomical Chronology
The Functional Approach
The Brain Growth Spurt
Absorption and Excretion in the Fetal Compartment
Drug Use during Pregnancy
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Central Nervous System Dysfunction
Growth Deficiency
Facial Abnormalities
Smoking during Pregnancy
Marijuana Use during Pregnancy
Opiate Use during Pregnancy
Cocaine and Methamphetamine Use during Pregnancy
Anticonvulsant Medication Use during Pregnancy
Antidepressant Use during Pregnancy
Caffeine Use during Pregnancy
Review Exam
Glossary
Index