Human CNS and PNS Structure
Edition: 8
Copyright: 2015
Pages: 470
Edition: 8
Copyright: 2015
Pages: 470
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Beginning students often have great difficulty in filtering the pertinent basic elements of neuroanatomy from
reading assignments and lecture material. In addition, the actual process of taking notes may limit classroom
learning. The approach of this text is to secure the fundamentals, limit note taking and enhance class time
learning.
The text is specifically prepared to aid the first year chiropractic student in following lectures on the neuroanatomy
of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Clinical applications
and accessory structures of the nervous system are explored.
This eighth edition includes material related to the PNS as well as minor updates to the CNS material.
Gale Lewellen first published Human CNS Structure in 1980. Since its original printing, the book has
been a valuable resource for chiropractic students learning neuroanatomy. The next step in developing this
resource is the addition of PNS material. The preparation of the PNS material was strongly influenced by the
format Mr. Lewellen used in preparing the CNS material. It is hoped that this text will continue to help
chiropractic students maximize their understanding of neurology.
UNIT I Introduction to the Nervous System
Significance of the Nervous System
Nervous System Subdivisions
UNIT II Embryology and Histology of the Nervous System
Embryology of the CNS
Histology of the CNS
UNIT III Accessory Structures of the CNS
Cranial Bones/Vertebrae
Meninges (Meninx-Singular)
Blood Supply to the CNS (Including Capillaries)
Brain Ventricles/Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Production and Flow
UNIT IV Spinal Cord
Gross Anatomy
Microanatomy of Gray Matter
Microanatomy of White Matter
Spinal Cord Lesions/Problems (Myelopathy)
UNIT V Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)
Review
Medulla Oblongata (M.O.)—A Myelencephalon Derivative
Pons—A Metencephalon Derivative
Cerebellum—A Metencephalon Derivative
UNIT VI Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
Areas of the Midbrain
Cranial Nerve Nuclei and Apparent Origins (of the Midbrain)
Tectum (means covering)
Cerebral Peduncles
UNIT VII Prosencephalon (Forebrain)
Diencephalon
Telencephalon
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PNS
UNIT I Review
Subdivisions of the Nervous System (structural)
Subdivisions of the Nervous System (functional)
Cranial Nerve Overview (roman numerals)
Overview of the Somatic Motor Pathway
Overview of the Somatic Sensory Pathways
UNIT II Cranial Nerves Related to Smell, Vision, and Ocular Movement
Cranial Nerve I; Olfactory Nerve
Cranial Nerve II; Optic Nerve
Cranial Nerve III; Oculomotor Nerve
Cranial Nerve IV; Trochlear Nerve
Cranial Nerve VI; Abducens Nerve
Clinical Considerations
UNIT III Cranial Nerves Related to Facial Sensation and Expression
Cranial Nerve V; Trigeminal Nerve
Cranial Nerve VII; Facial Nerve
UNIT IV Cranial Nerves VIII through XII
Cranial Nerve VIII; Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Cranial Nerve IX; Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Cranial Nerve X; Vagus Nerve
Cranial Nerve XI; Accessory Nerve
Cranial Nerve XII; Hypoglossal Nerve
UNIT V Spinal Nerves; Introduction, Cervical and Brachial Plexuses
31 PAIRS of Spinal Nerves
The spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord
Shortly after combining into a mixed spinal nerve, a meningeal (recurrent meningeal,
sinuvertebral) branch is given off
The mixed spinal nerve divides into two (primary) rami
Sympathetic Chain Communications
Cervical Posterior Rami
Cervical Plexus
Brachial Plexus
UNIT VI Spinal Nerves; Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral and Coccygeal Plexuses
Thoracic Spinal Nerves
Lumbar Spinal Nerves
Lumbar Plexus
Sacral Spinal Nerves
Sacral Plexus
Coccygeal Plexus
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UNIT VII Visceral Nervous System
Overview
Visceral Afferent
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
UNIT VIII Special Sense Organs
Eye
Ear
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A. Introductory Glossary
APPENDIX B. Brain Survey Assignment
APPENDIX C. Cranial Nerve Assignment
APPENDIX D. Self-Testing Diagrams
ATLAS OF THE BRAIN AND CORD
INDEX