Introduction To Electroacoustics and Audio Amplifier Design

Chapter 1: Basic Principles of Sound
1.1 Sound
1.2 Sources of Sound
1.3 Velocity of Sound
1.4 Frequency of Sound
1.5 Pitch
1.6 Human Speech
1.7 Frequency Bands
1.8 Audio Sub Bands
1.9 Sound Pressure Level
1.10 Equal Loudness Contours
1.11 Loudness Levels
1.12 Audio Test Signals
1.13 Problems

Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Acoustics
2.1 Basic Equations of Acoustics
2.2 The Acoustic Wave Equation
2.3 The Plane Wave
2.4 Specific Impedance
2.5 Acoustic Energy
2.6 Acoustic Intensity
2.7 Wavelength
2.8 Particle Displacement
2.9 The Omni-Directional Spherical Wave
2.10 Volume Velocity
2.11 The Simple Spherical Source
2.12 Acoustic Images
2.13 The Plane Circular Piston
2.14 The Pattern Beam Width
2.15 Fresnel Diffraction Effects
2.16 Acoustic Reflections
2.17 Problems

Chapter 3: Analogous Circuits of Acoustical Systems
3.1 Acoustic Sources
3.2 Acoustic Impedance
3.3 The Plane Wave Tube
3.4 Acoustic Resistance
3.5 Acoustic Compliance
3.6 Acoustic Mass
3.7 Acoustic Impedance on a Piston in a Baffle
3.8 Acoustic Impedance on a Piston in a Tube
3.9 Radiation Impedance on a Piston in Free Air
3.10 Problems

Chapter 4: Analogous Circuits of Mechanical Systems
4.1 Mechanical Sources
4.2 Mass, Compliance, and Resistance
4.3 Mechanical Systems
4.4 Moving-Coil Transducer
4.5 Crystal Transducer
4.6 Condenser Transducer
4.7 Mechano-Acoustic Transducer
4.8 Problems

Chapter 5: Microphones
5.1 Classifications
5.2 Modeling Diaphragm Reflections
5.3 Diaphragm Back Acoustical Load
5.4 Diaphragm Mechanical Parameters
5.5 Condenser Microphone
5.6 Condenser Microphone SPICE Simulation
5.7 Condenser Microphone Buffer Amplifiers
5.8 Dynamic Microphone
5.9 Ribbon Microphone
5.10 Proximity Effect
5.11 Combination Microphone
5.12 Problems

Chapter 6: Moving-Coil Loudspeakers
6.1 Construction
6.2 Analogous Circuits
6.3 Combination Analogous Circuit
6.4 Infinite Baffle Analogous Circuit
6.5 Low-Frequency Solution for UD
6.6 Low-Frequency Bode Plots for UD
6.7 Small-Signal Parameters
6.8 High-Frequency Solution for UD
6.9 On-Axis Pressure
6.10 Pressure Transfer Function
6.11 Bode Plots of On-Axis Pressure
6.12 Filter Theory Description of G(s)
6.13 Cutoff Frequencies
6.14 Effect of Non-Zero Generator Resistance
6.15 Frequency of Peak Response
6.16 Voice-Coil Impedance
6.17 The Lossy Voice-Coil Inductance
6.18 On-Axis Pressure Sensitivity
6.19 Acoustic Power Response
6.20 Reference Efficiency
6.21 Diaphragm Displacement Function.
6.22 Voice-Coil Electrical Power Rating. 
6.23 Displacement Limited Power Rating.
6.24 SPICE Models
6.25 Problems

Chapter 7: Closed-Box Loudspeaker Systems
7.1 Modeling the Box
7.2 The Analogous Circuits
7.3 The Volume Velocity Transfer Function
7.4 The On-Axis Pressure Transfer Function
7.5 Effect of the Box on the System Response
7.6 Sensitivity of the Lower Cutoff Frequency
7.7 System Design with a Given Driver
7.8 System Verification
7.9 System Design From Specifications
7.10 A SPICE Simulation Example
7.11 Problems

Chapter 8: Vented-Box Loudspeaker Systems
8.1 Modeling the Enclosure
8.2 Effect of the Vent
8.3 The On-Axis Pressure Transfer Function
8.4 Voice-Coil Impedance Function
8.5 The Magnitude-Squared Function
8.6 The B4 Alignment
8.7 The QB3 Alignments
8.8 The Chebyshev Alignments
8.9 Example Pressure Responses
8.10 Design with a Given Driver
8.11 System Verification

Chapter 9: Acoustic Horns
9.1 The Webster Horn Equation
9.2 Salmon’s Family of Horns
9.3 Finite Length Horn
9.4 A Horn Analogous Circuit
9.5 SPICE Examples
9.6 Horn Driving Units
9.7 Mid-Frequency Range
9.8 Condition for Maximum P_AR
9.9 The Horn Efficiency
9.10 The Low-Frequency Range
9.11 The High-Frequency Range
9.12 Low-Frequency System Design
9.13 Problems

Chapter 10: Crossover Networks
10.1 Role of Crossover Networks
10.2 Passive Crossover Networks
10.3 L-Pad Design
10.4 Effect of the Voice-Coil Impedance
10.5 Effect of the Driver Phase Response
10.6 Constant-Voltage and All-Pass Functions
10.7 Active Crossover Networks
10.8 A SPICE Modeling Example
10.9 Problems

Chapter 11: A Loudspeaker Potpourri
11.1 The Isobaric Connection
11.1.1 The Acoustical Analogous Circuit
11.1.2 The Small-Signal Parameters
11.1.3 SPICE Simulation Example
11.2 4^th-Order Bandpass Systems
11.2.1 System Description
11.2.2 Output Volume Velocity
11.2.3 On-Axis Pressure
11.2.4 Forth-Order Band-Pass Functions
11.2.5 System Parameters
11.2.6 Design with a Given Driver
11.3 6^th-Order Bandpass Systems
11.3.1 System Transfer Function
11.3.2 System Transfer Function
11.3.3 System Design from Specifications
11.3.4 Example System Design
11.4 Passive Radiator Systems
11.4.1 System Transfer Function
11.4.2 Example System Design
11.5 Assisted Vented-Box Alignments
11.5.1 System Transfer Functions
11.5.2 5^th-Order Alignments
11.5.3 6^th-Order Alignments
11.5.4 The Vented-Box System Parameters
11.5.5 Example Design from Specifications
11.6 A Closed-Box System Equalizer
11.6.1 Equalizer Transfer Function
11.6.2 Equalizer Circuit
11.6.3 Example Realization
11.7 Driver Parameter Measurements
11.7.1 Basic Theory
11.7.2 The Measurement Test Set
11.7.3 Measuring R_E, f_S, Q_MS, Q_ES, and Q_TS
11.7.4 Measuring V_AS
11.7.5 Conversion to Infinite-Baffle Parameters
11.7.6 Measuring the Voice-Coil Inductance
11.8 Parameter Measurement Summary Sheet

Chapter 12: Audio Power Amplifiers
12.1 Power Specifications
12.2 Effect on Feedback
12.2.1 Feedback Amplifier Gain
12.2.2 Effect on Feedback on Distortion and Noise
12.2.3 Effect on Feedback on Output Resistance
12.3 Amplifier Model
12.3.1 Open-Loop Transfer Function
12.3.2 Gain Bandwidth Product
12.3.3 Slew Rate
12.3.4 Relations between Slew Rate and Gain-Bandwidth Product
12.3.5 Closed-Loop Transfer Function
12.3.6 Transient Response
12.3.7 Input Stage Overload
12.3.8 Full Power Bandwidth
12.3.9 Effect on an Input Low-Pass Filter
12.3.10 JFET Diff Amp
12.3.11 Diff Amp with Current-Mirror Load
12.4 Signal Tracing
12.5 The Stability Criterion
12.5.1 The Bode Stability Theorem
12.5.2 Single-Pole Amplifier
12.5.3 Two-Pole Amplifier
12.5.4 An Alternate Stability Criterion
12.6 Techniques for Compensating Feedback Amplifiers
12.6.1 Gain Constant Reduction
12.6.2 First Pole Lag Compensation
12.6.3 Second Pole Lead Compensation
12.6.4 Feedforward Compensation
12.7 Output Stage Topologies
12.7.1 Common-Collector Stage
12.7.2 Common Emitter Stage
12.7.3 Quasi-Complementary Output Stage
12.7.4 MOSFET Output Stages
12.8 Voltage Gain Stage
12.9 Input Stage
12.10 Completed Amplifier Circuit
12.11 Protection Circuit
12.12 Power Supply Design
12.13 Decoupling and Grounding
12.14 Power Dissipation
12.15 The Class-D Amplifier
12.16 Amplifier Measurements
12.17 Problems

References
Electroacoustic Glossary of Symbols