Introduction to Law Enforcement: An Insider's View
Edition: 5
Copyright: 2016
Pages: 540
Edition: 5
Copyright: 2016
Pages: 538
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Introduction to Law Enforcement: An Insider’s View (5th Edition) is a very unique textbook. It draws upon the author’s dual set of experiences as a member of the academic world and also as a sworn police officer. The author, Dr. William G. Doerner, has been a faculty member in the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice at The Florida State University, one of the premiere programs in the country, since 1977. He retired from active duty with the Tallahassee Police Department after 29 years of service as a part-time sworn law enforcement officer. Balancing these two perspectives enables readers to peek into the law enforcement world through the eyes of a cop and the mind of a professor.
The book is divided into four major units. The first part, “The Context of Law Enforcement,” helps the reader assemble a picture of how this formal institution came into being, recognize some of the more prominent issues that surfaced with this new arrangement, assess various reform efforts, and understand how agencies are structured.
The second portion, “Behind the Badge,” explores what it takes to become a police officer. Topics here range from how agencies select candidates from the applicant pool, what recruits experience during the police academy and rookie training phases, as well as lessons in criminal law, search and seizure, and interrogation standards.
The next segment focuses on how officers work the streets. The emphasis here is on the decision-making processes that surround the arrest option and reliance upon the use of force.
The final part trails officers after they complete their tours of duty and are “Off the Streets.” It raises questions about whether law enforcement is as stressful as some portray it, the adjustments officers must make in their personal and occupational lives, the perennial question of who polices the police, and whether policing is a profession or simply another job.
The author has compiled a distinguished career in both law enforcement and academia. In addition to being decorated for meritorious service and honored by his agency as “Officer of the Year,” Dr. Doerner also served two terms as the editor of the American Journal of Criminal Justice. The Southern Criminal Justice Association bestowed its Criminal Justice Educator of the Year Award on him in recognition of his accomplishments in teaching, research, and service. In addition, the American Society of Victimology selected Professor Doerner as the recipient of its 2009 John P.J. Dussich Award, which recognizes excellence in research and the provision of services to crime victims over a substantial length of time. An article examining accreditation patterns among Florida municipal police agencies, published with his son who holds a doctorate in economics, recently won accolades for its incisive insights from the editors at Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management.
PART 1 . THE CONTEXT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT
CHAPTER 1 Early Efforts at Policing
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Maintaining Social Order
Standards of Behavior
Controlling Social Behavior
Types of Society
Societal Development
Early English Law Enforcement
The Challenge of Urban Growth
A Step Toward Paid Police Protection
Sir Robert Peel and the Bobbies
Law Enforcement in Developing America
Law and Order on the Frontier
Vigilante Policing
The Rise of Private Security
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
CHAPTER 2 Critical Issues Over the Last Century
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Wickersham Commission
The 1967 President’s Commission
The Kerner Report
Standards and Goals
The Knapp Commission
Contemporary Critical Incidents
The Mollen Report
The Christopher Report
The Sequel to the Christopher Report
Hurrican Katrina
The President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
CHAPTER 3 The Structure of American Law Enforcement
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The American Police System
The Federal Level
Department of Homeland Security
Department of Justice
Other Federal Agencies
Federal Officers
An Interpretive Lens
The State Level
Another Interpretive Lens
The Local Level
County Sheriffs’ Offices
City Police Departments
Special Jurisdiction Agencies
Agency Organizational Structure
The Budget Picture
Better Resource Management
Civilianization
Assets Forfeiture
Computers for Patrol Officers
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
PART 2 . BEHIND THE BADGE
CHAPTER 4 Selection and Hiring Practices
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Police Officer Selection
Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action
The Selection Process
The Application
The Written Psychological Exam
The Background Investigation
Polygraph Testing
The Psychological Interview
The Oral Board Interview
The Eligibility List
The Medical Check
Other Hiring Issues
Higher Education for Law Enforcement Officers
Are College-Educated Recruits Better Hires?
Do College-Educated Officers Perform Better?
Whom Are Agencies Hiring?
Black Law Enforcement Officers
Black Representation in Policing
Reaction to Black Officers
Female Law Enforcement Officers
Initial Barriers
Are Females Good Recruits?
Female Officer Performance
Reaction to Female Officers
The Choice
The Current Market Dilemma
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
Cases Cited
CHAPTER 5 Becoming a Police Officer
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Pre-Entry: Reasons for Becoming a Police Officer
Admittance: Police Minimum Standards
The President’s Commission
The National Advisory Commission
The State Response
Basic Police Training
Career Development Incentives
Change: Post-Academy Training
A Typical Field Training Officer Program
Program Description
Performance Evaluation
Does the FTO Program Remove Barriers?
Officer Reaction to FTO Training
The Field Experience
FTO Performance and Post-FTO Evaluations
Continuance: Adaptation to the Police World
Stages of Cynicism
Types of Cynicism
The Police “Working Personality”
The Police Subculture
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
CHAPTER 6 Lessons in Criminal Law
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Nature of Criminal Law
Violent Offenses
Homicide
Justifiable Homicide
Excusable Homicide
Murder
Manslaughter
The Felony-Murder Rule
Assault and Battery
Sexual Battery
Robbery
Kidnapping and False Imprisonment
Property Offenses
Larceny–Theft
Burglary
Vandalism
Other Considerations
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
CHAPTER 7 Lessons in Constitutional Law: Search and Seizure
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Searches, Seizures, and Warrants
Warrantless Searches and Seizures
Search Incidental to Arrest
Automobile Searches
Plain View
Exigent Circumstances
Hot Pursuit
Evidence Preservation
Public Safety
Stop and Frisk
Consent
Abandonment
Inventory
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
Cases Cited
CHAPTER 8 Lessons in Constitutional Law: Interrogation
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Past Interrogation Practices
The Wickersham Commission
Continued Use of Third-Degree Tactics
Escobedo v. Illinois
Miranda v. Arizona
The Legal Legacy of Miranda
Custodial Interrogations
Failure to Warn
Invocation of Miranda
A Solution for Miranda Difficulties
The Diffusion of Knowledge: A Bottleneck
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
Cases Cited
PART 3 . ON THE STREETS
CHAPTER 9 The Arrest Decision
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Full versus Selective Enforcement
Reasons for Police Discretion
Unclear Laws
Nuisance Behavior
Broad Statutes
Moral Standards
Outdated Laws
Defining Discretion
Handling Calls for Service
Police Operators and Dispatchers
Handling Calls in the Field
Observational Studies
Controlling the Call
Putting It Together
The Arrest Decision
Field Encounter Studies
Simulation Studies
Police Bias in the Arrest Decision
Racism
Early Studies
Later Studies
Sexism
Early Studies
Later Studies
Biased-Based Policing
A Critique
Controlling Police Officer Discretion
The Locus of Change
The Policy Formulation Process
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
Cases Cited
CHAPTER 10 Use of Force
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Assaults in the Line of Duty
Murders in the Line of Duty
Murdered Officers
Police Officer Killers
Circumstances Surrounding Police Murders
Off-Duty Intervention
Trends in Police Murders
The Ecology of Police Murders
Police Murders and Community Violence
The Death Penalty as Protection
Death Benefit Provisions
Police-Involved Homicides
Incidence
Suspect Race
The Hazard Hypothesis
Elective versus Non-Elective Shootings
Social Disparity
Authorization of Deadly Force
The Fleeing Felon Rule
An Impetus for Change
Tennessee v. Garner
Post-Garner Developments
Deadly Force Policy Revisions
Rethinking Use-of-Force Strategies
Graham v. Connor
Less-Lethal Weaponry
Oleoresin Capsicum Spray
Electronic Control Devices
Other Tools
Justifying the Use of Force
The Police Organization
Police Officers
Prospective Beliefs
Retrospective Beliefs
Types of Force
An Emerging Firestorm
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
Cases Cited
PART 4 . OFF THE STREETS
CHAPTER 11 Stress—The Occupational Scourge
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Defining Stress
Types of Stress
The Stress Reaction Cycle
Sources of Police Stress
Intra-Individual Sources
Inter-Individual Sources
Organizational Sources
Shift Work
Equipment
Citizen Complaints
Environmental Sources
The Community
The Criminal Justice System
The Constant Threat of Danger
The Consequences of Police Stress
Morbidity and Mortality
Alcohol Abuse
Suicide
Marital Tensions
Another Outlook on Police Stress
Stress Management
Eliminating Stressors
Learning to Cope
Reaching Out
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
Cases Cited
CHAPTER 12 Regulating Police Behavior
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Need for Policy Guidelines
Contents of Policy Guidelines
Secondary Employment as an Example
Internal Affairs
Types of Disciplinary Actions
Procedural Protections
Decertification
External Sources of Relief
Federal Civil Rights Violations
Tort Actions against the Police
Intentional Tort
Negligence Tort
Do These Strategies Work
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
Cases Cited
CHAPTER 13 Profession or Occupation
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Meaning of “Profession
A Specialized Body of Knowledge
Licensing
Authority and Autonomy
Altruism
A Code of Ethics
A Final Note
Barriers to Professional Status
“Dirty Work
The Closed Police World
Police Unionization
Modern Police Strikes
Public Reaction
Crime during Strikes
Preventing Future Strikes
The Quest for Police Professionalism
Upgrading Police Officers
Upgrading Police Agencies
National Accreditation
State Accreditation
The Journey Ahead
Salaries
Promotion Opportunities
Career Mobility
Leadership
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
Cases Cited
Index
Introduction to Law Enforcement: An Insider’s View (5th Edition) is a very unique textbook. It draws upon the author’s dual set of experiences as a member of the academic world and also as a sworn police officer. The author, Dr. William G. Doerner, has been a faculty member in the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice at The Florida State University, one of the premiere programs in the country, since 1977. He retired from active duty with the Tallahassee Police Department after 29 years of service as a part-time sworn law enforcement officer. Balancing these two perspectives enables readers to peek into the law enforcement world through the eyes of a cop and the mind of a professor.
The book is divided into four major units. The first part, “The Context of Law Enforcement,” helps the reader assemble a picture of how this formal institution came into being, recognize some of the more prominent issues that surfaced with this new arrangement, assess various reform efforts, and understand how agencies are structured.
The second portion, “Behind the Badge,” explores what it takes to become a police officer. Topics here range from how agencies select candidates from the applicant pool, what recruits experience during the police academy and rookie training phases, as well as lessons in criminal law, search and seizure, and interrogation standards.
The next segment focuses on how officers work the streets. The emphasis here is on the decision-making processes that surround the arrest option and reliance upon the use of force.
The final part trails officers after they complete their tours of duty and are “Off the Streets.” It raises questions about whether law enforcement is as stressful as some portray it, the adjustments officers must make in their personal and occupational lives, the perennial question of who polices the police, and whether policing is a profession or simply another job.
The author has compiled a distinguished career in both law enforcement and academia. In addition to being decorated for meritorious service and honored by his agency as “Officer of the Year,” Dr. Doerner also served two terms as the editor of the American Journal of Criminal Justice. The Southern Criminal Justice Association bestowed its Criminal Justice Educator of the Year Award on him in recognition of his accomplishments in teaching, research, and service. In addition, the American Society of Victimology selected Professor Doerner as the recipient of its 2009 John P.J. Dussich Award, which recognizes excellence in research and the provision of services to crime victims over a substantial length of time. An article examining accreditation patterns among Florida municipal police agencies, published with his son who holds a doctorate in economics, recently won accolades for its incisive insights from the editors at Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management.
PART 1 . THE CONTEXT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT
CHAPTER 1 Early Efforts at Policing
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Maintaining Social Order
Standards of Behavior
Controlling Social Behavior
Types of Society
Societal Development
Early English Law Enforcement
The Challenge of Urban Growth
A Step Toward Paid Police Protection
Sir Robert Peel and the Bobbies
Law Enforcement in Developing America
Law and Order on the Frontier
Vigilante Policing
The Rise of Private Security
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
CHAPTER 2 Critical Issues Over the Last Century
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Wickersham Commission
The 1967 President’s Commission
The Kerner Report
Standards and Goals
The Knapp Commission
Contemporary Critical Incidents
The Mollen Report
The Christopher Report
The Sequel to the Christopher Report
Hurrican Katrina
The President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
CHAPTER 3 The Structure of American Law Enforcement
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The American Police System
The Federal Level
Department of Homeland Security
Department of Justice
Other Federal Agencies
Federal Officers
An Interpretive Lens
The State Level
Another Interpretive Lens
The Local Level
County Sheriffs’ Offices
City Police Departments
Special Jurisdiction Agencies
Agency Organizational Structure
The Budget Picture
Better Resource Management
Civilianization
Assets Forfeiture
Computers for Patrol Officers
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
PART 2 . BEHIND THE BADGE
CHAPTER 4 Selection and Hiring Practices
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Police Officer Selection
Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action
The Selection Process
The Application
The Written Psychological Exam
The Background Investigation
Polygraph Testing
The Psychological Interview
The Oral Board Interview
The Eligibility List
The Medical Check
Other Hiring Issues
Higher Education for Law Enforcement Officers
Are College-Educated Recruits Better Hires?
Do College-Educated Officers Perform Better?
Whom Are Agencies Hiring?
Black Law Enforcement Officers
Black Representation in Policing
Reaction to Black Officers
Female Law Enforcement Officers
Initial Barriers
Are Females Good Recruits?
Female Officer Performance
Reaction to Female Officers
The Choice
The Current Market Dilemma
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
Cases Cited
CHAPTER 5 Becoming a Police Officer
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Pre-Entry: Reasons for Becoming a Police Officer
Admittance: Police Minimum Standards
The President’s Commission
The National Advisory Commission
The State Response
Basic Police Training
Career Development Incentives
Change: Post-Academy Training
A Typical Field Training Officer Program
Program Description
Performance Evaluation
Does the FTO Program Remove Barriers?
Officer Reaction to FTO Training
The Field Experience
FTO Performance and Post-FTO Evaluations
Continuance: Adaptation to the Police World
Stages of Cynicism
Types of Cynicism
The Police “Working Personality”
The Police Subculture
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
CHAPTER 6 Lessons in Criminal Law
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Nature of Criminal Law
Violent Offenses
Homicide
Justifiable Homicide
Excusable Homicide
Murder
Manslaughter
The Felony-Murder Rule
Assault and Battery
Sexual Battery
Robbery
Kidnapping and False Imprisonment
Property Offenses
Larceny–Theft
Burglary
Vandalism
Other Considerations
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
CHAPTER 7 Lessons in Constitutional Law: Search and Seizure
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Searches, Seizures, and Warrants
Warrantless Searches and Seizures
Search Incidental to Arrest
Automobile Searches
Plain View
Exigent Circumstances
Hot Pursuit
Evidence Preservation
Public Safety
Stop and Frisk
Consent
Abandonment
Inventory
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
Cases Cited
CHAPTER 8 Lessons in Constitutional Law: Interrogation
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Past Interrogation Practices
The Wickersham Commission
Continued Use of Third-Degree Tactics
Escobedo v. Illinois
Miranda v. Arizona
The Legal Legacy of Miranda
Custodial Interrogations
Failure to Warn
Invocation of Miranda
A Solution for Miranda Difficulties
The Diffusion of Knowledge: A Bottleneck
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
Cases Cited
PART 3 . ON THE STREETS
CHAPTER 9 The Arrest Decision
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Full versus Selective Enforcement
Reasons for Police Discretion
Unclear Laws
Nuisance Behavior
Broad Statutes
Moral Standards
Outdated Laws
Defining Discretion
Handling Calls for Service
Police Operators and Dispatchers
Handling Calls in the Field
Observational Studies
Controlling the Call
Putting It Together
The Arrest Decision
Field Encounter Studies
Simulation Studies
Police Bias in the Arrest Decision
Racism
Early Studies
Later Studies
Sexism
Early Studies
Later Studies
Biased-Based Policing
A Critique
Controlling Police Officer Discretion
The Locus of Change
The Policy Formulation Process
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
Cases Cited
CHAPTER 10 Use of Force
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Assaults in the Line of Duty
Murders in the Line of Duty
Murdered Officers
Police Officer Killers
Circumstances Surrounding Police Murders
Off-Duty Intervention
Trends in Police Murders
The Ecology of Police Murders
Police Murders and Community Violence
The Death Penalty as Protection
Death Benefit Provisions
Police-Involved Homicides
Incidence
Suspect Race
The Hazard Hypothesis
Elective versus Non-Elective Shootings
Social Disparity
Authorization of Deadly Force
The Fleeing Felon Rule
An Impetus for Change
Tennessee v. Garner
Post-Garner Developments
Deadly Force Policy Revisions
Rethinking Use-of-Force Strategies
Graham v. Connor
Less-Lethal Weaponry
Oleoresin Capsicum Spray
Electronic Control Devices
Other Tools
Justifying the Use of Force
The Police Organization
Police Officers
Prospective Beliefs
Retrospective Beliefs
Types of Force
An Emerging Firestorm
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
Cases Cited
PART 4 . OFF THE STREETS
CHAPTER 11 Stress—The Occupational Scourge
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Defining Stress
Types of Stress
The Stress Reaction Cycle
Sources of Police Stress
Intra-Individual Sources
Inter-Individual Sources
Organizational Sources
Shift Work
Equipment
Citizen Complaints
Environmental Sources
The Community
The Criminal Justice System
The Constant Threat of Danger
The Consequences of Police Stress
Morbidity and Mortality
Alcohol Abuse
Suicide
Marital Tensions
Another Outlook on Police Stress
Stress Management
Eliminating Stressors
Learning to Cope
Reaching Out
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
Cases Cited
CHAPTER 12 Regulating Police Behavior
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Need for Policy Guidelines
Contents of Policy Guidelines
Secondary Employment as an Example
Internal Affairs
Types of Disciplinary Actions
Procedural Protections
Decertification
External Sources of Relief
Federal Civil Rights Violations
Tort Actions against the Police
Intentional Tort
Negligence Tort
Do These Strategies Work
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
Cases Cited
CHAPTER 13 Profession or Occupation
Chapter Outline
Key Terms
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Meaning of “Profession
A Specialized Body of Knowledge
Licensing
Authority and Autonomy
Altruism
A Code of Ethics
A Final Note
Barriers to Professional Status
“Dirty Work
The Closed Police World
Police Unionization
Modern Police Strikes
Public Reaction
Crime during Strikes
Preventing Future Strikes
The Quest for Police Professionalism
Upgrading Police Officers
Upgrading Police Agencies
National Accreditation
State Accreditation
The Journey Ahead
Salaries
Promotion Opportunities
Career Mobility
Leadership
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Selected Internet Sites
References
Cases Cited
Index