An Introduction to Population Studies: Global Perspective

Author(s): Frank Trovato

Edition: 1

Copyright: 2023

Pages: 648

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Covering the field of population studies, An Introduction to Population Studies - Global Perspective consists of twelve chapters subdivided under five parts: (1) Population as a Scientific Discipline; (2) Demographic Composition; (3) Demographic Processes: Fertility and Mortality; (4) Demographic Processes: Internal Migration and International Migration; and (5) Population Change and Societal Interrelationships. The orientation of the book is global; but also contains separate sections covering the demography of Canada in historical and contemporary contexts. The book contains extensive references, illustrative figures, graphs, data tables, and an extensive glossary of terms. Readers of An Introduction to Population Studies – Global Perspective will gain a comprehensive understanding of population studies as an interdisciplinary field. The author relies on social science conceptual frameworks to explain the core concepts, theories and methods of population analysis. The intended purpose of the book is twofold: (1) to serve as a reference guide for those interested in global population and Canadian demography; (2) as a possible textbook for university level social science courses in population studies.

An Introduction to Population Studies - Global Perspective addresses questions such as:

What constitutes a human population?
How do demographers study human populations?
Why is the study of population inherently interdisciplinary?
What are the foundational concepts, theories and methods of demographic analysis?
What are the intellectual roots of the discipline of population studies?
What is the role of population growth in the evolution of human society?
How does demography explain social change?
How does demography explain family change?
Why are generations central to demographic analysis?
How do populations grow older or grow younger?
What are the societal consequences of an ageing population structure?
When did the population explosion begin in history? When will it end?
Why is the Neolithic demographic transition important in population history?
What explains varying patterns of mortality within and between countries?
Why do the poor and Indigenous People live shorter lives?
Why are some populations declining while others are growing rapidly?
Why is fertility so low in some countries and high in others?
What explains fertility variations across populations?
What explains fertility change?
What is the expected population of the world at the end of the 21st Century?
When will peak population growth occur globally?
Why is demography relevant in explaining global economic inequality?
What is the demographic dividend and why is it important?
What is the demographic outlook of the less and least developed countries?
Why are there so many people worldwide seeking asylum?
What are the root causes of refugee movements?
What is the role of immigration in nation building in modern history?
What is the Axial Age, and how does it relate to immigration history?
How do immigrants change societies?
Why do dome countries offer citizenship to immigrants and others do not?
Why do rich countries share a chronic need for immigration?
What is the role of immigration in economic development?
Why do some populations have distorted sex ratios?
How does the age structure of a population change with the demographic transition?
What is the urban explosion in population history?
What was the role of agriculture in the development of early cities?
What are the necessary conditions for the emergence of urban systems?
Why do some geographic areas expand into megalopolises?
What are global cities and why are they important?
What are declining birth rates of concern to national governments?
Is more immigration the answer to aging population in the rich world?
How effective are population policies?
How do demographers study and explain the future?

Preface
Acknowledgements

PART ONE Population as a Scientific Discipline

CHAPTER 1 The Study of Population
Introduction
Population Defined
Formal Demography and Population Studies
     Formal Demography
     Population Studies as an Interdisciplinary
The Nature of Demographic Change
     Change in Population Size
     Linear, Geometric, Exponential, and Logistic Models of Population Growth
     Compositional Change
Individual Behaviour and Demographic Processes
     Individual State Transitions as Demographic Behaviour
     Individual State Transitions and Demographic Rates
     Reclassification Processes
Demographic Change and Social Change
     Age, Period, and Cohort: The Mechanisms of Demographic Change
     Cohorts and Generations
How Do We Know the Facts of Demography?
     Micro and Macro Models of Demographic Phenomena
     Micro Models of Human Action: Rational Actor, Normative, and “Drift”
     Macro Models of Demographic Change
Conclusion
Notes for Further Study
Exercises
Additional Reading
References

CHAPTER 2 Population Data: Their Sources and Nature
Introduction
The Population Census
     A Brief History of the Canadian Census
     Contemporary Population Censuses
     The Census: A Reflection of Its Time
     The Use of Sampling in the Census
     Census Undercoverage
     Population Estimates
     Specialized Population Surveys
Vital Statistics
     Early Investigations of Vital Records and the Origins of Population Studies
     Modern Vital Statistics Systems
     Population Registers
     Monitoring Migratory Movements
     Indirect Estimation of Vital Events
     Canadian Vital Statistics: Background and Overview
     The Use of Census and Vital Statistics Data in Population Analysis
Conclusion
Exercises
Additional Reading
References

CHAPTER 3 Population History
Introduction
Population History
     Early Origins Onward
From Very Slow to Explosive Growth
     The Demographic Transition
     The Demographic Transition of the Industrialized Countries
     Mechanisms of the Transition: Western and Japanese Experiences
     Demographic Transition of Developing Countries
     Transitional and Delayed Demographic Transition Populations
     What Accounts for Delayed Development?
     Mechanisms of Demographic Transition: Western and Non-Western Cases
     Demographic Transition and World Population Growth
     World Population Today
World Population Futures
     World Population Projections
     Population Momentum
     Some Demographic Certainties for the Near Future
     Toward the End of the Global Demographic Transition
Canadian Population History: An Overview
     Demographic Conditions in the Frontier Society
     The Demographic Transition in Quebec and Canada
     The Nineteenth Century Onward: From Rural to Urban Industrial Society
     Future Outlook
Conclusion
Notes for Further Study
     Population Growth Models and Doubling Time
     Linear Growth Model
     Geometric Growth Model
     Exponential Growth Model
     Geometric and Exponential Rate of Growth
Exercises
Additional Reading
References

CHAPTER 4 Population Theory
Introduction
Population Thought through History
Thomas Malthus (1766–1834): The Principle of Population
     Modern Criticism of Malthus
     The Importance of Malthus to Population Studies
Karl Marx (1818–1883)
     The Relevance of Marx to Population Analysis
     Malthusian and Marxist Perspectives Contrasted
Contemporary Perspectives
     Neo-Malthusianism
     Neo-Marxism
     Cornucopianism
     Revisionism
Population, Environment, and Resources: Complex Interrelationships and Challenges
     Jobs
     Urbanization
     Infectious Disease Epidemics
     Food Insecurity
     Environmental/Ecological Stresses
     Resource Scarcity and Conflict
Towards a Synthesis
Conclusion
Notes for Further Study
Exercises
Additional Reading
References

PART TWO Demographic Composition

CHAPTER 5 Age and Sex Structure
Introduction
Principles of Age and Sex Composition
     Population Age Distribution
     Age Composition
     Age Composition Variations
Determinants of Age Composition
     Relative Importance of Fertility and Mortality
     Effects of Migration on Age–Sex Structure
     Age Distribution as Demographic Memory
Population Momentum
     Generalizations about Age Structure
Sex Composition
     Sex Ratios: Basic Principles
     Sex Ratio at Conception
     Sex Ratios at Birth and in Early Childhood
     Sex Ratios in Adulthood and Old Age
Societal Ramifications of Change in Age–Sex Composition
     Historical Change in Sex Ratios
     Sociological Implications of Sex Ratios
     Demographic Aging—Issues and Challenges
     Critical Perspective
     Intergenerational Contract and Demographic Dividends
     Intergenerational Contract
     The Demographic Dividend
     Developing Countries
     The Future: The Population Will Be Older
Canada’s Age–Sex Composition: Change and Challenges
     Implications of Change in Age Composition
     The Generations: 2021 Census Update
Conclusion
Notes for Further Study
Exercises
Additional Reading
References

CHAPTER 6 Nuptiality and Family Processes
Introduction
     Nuptiality as a Demographic Process
Nuptiality in Social Demographic Analysis
Basic Measures of Nuptiality
     First-Marriage Rate
     Age-Specific Marriage and Divorce Rates
     Total Marriage Rate
Nuptiality Trends: Cross-national Overview
     Crude Marriage Rates
     First-Marriage Rates
     Divorce and Cohabitation
     Divorce
     Cohabitation
     Developing Countries: Nuptiality Patterns
     Africa
     Asia
     Latin America
Explanations of Family Change
     “Flight from Marriage” in Western Countries
     Demographic Theory
     Feasibility of Marriage Thesis
     Gains to Marriage Thesis
     Second Demographic Transition Thesis
     The Gender Revolution Thesis
     Global Family Change
     Convergence Thesis Developmental Idealism Thesis
     Diffusion of the Second Demographic Transition
     Divergence Thesis
Canadian Nuptiality Trends and Patterns
     From the Early 1920s Onwards
     Change in Marriage Rate
     Change in Divorce Rates
     Tracking Divorce Trends in Canada Post-2008
     Statistics Canada 2022 Update on Divorces
     Trends in Remarriage and Common-Law Unions
     The Case of Quebec
     Future Outlook
Conclusion
Notes for Further Study
     Singulate Mean Age at Marriage (SMAM)
Exercises
Additional Reading
References

PART THREE Demographic Processes I: Fertility and Mortality

CHAPTER 7 Fertility
Introduction
Basic Concepts and Measures
     Fecundity and Fertility
     Measures of Fertility
     Crude Birth Rate
     General Fertility Rate
     Age-Specific Fertility Rates
     Total Fertility Rate
     Gross Reproduction Rate
     Net Reproduction Rate
     Cohort Fertility
     Mean Age at Childbearing
Society and Fertility: Social–Biological Interactions
     Culture, Age at Menarche, and Age at First Birth
     Genes Interact with Environment in Affecting Fertility
     Grandparental Death and Fertility
     High Fertility of the Ohio Amish
     Moral Codes towards Sexuality, Contraception, and Abortion
     Decline in Sperm Counts in Men
     Seasonality of Births
Natural and Human-made Disasters and Fertility
The Proximate Determinants of Fertility
     Davis and Blake Framework
     Proximate Determinants of Fertility
     Natural Fertility Populations
Fertility Transition
     European Fertility Transition
     The Global Fertility Transition Today
Theories of Fertility Change
     Economic Theory
     Cyclical Theory
     Countercyclical Thesis
     Sociological Theories
     Generational Value Change
     Second Demographic Transition
     Gender Equity and the Second Gender Revolution
     Theories of Fertility Change in Developing Countries
     Wealth Flow Theory
     Synthesis Framework
     Women’s Autonomy and Fertility Transition in Developing Countries
Low Fertility in Industrialized Countries: Search for Underlying Uniformities
Canadian Fertility Trends and Patterns
     From Baby Boom to Baby Bust and Beyond
     Explanations for the Baby Boom and Baby Bust in Canada
     Differential Fertility
     Regional Variations
     Sociocultural Variations
     Income Differentials
     Future Prospects
Conclusion
Exercises
Additional Reading
References

CHAPTER 8 Mortality and Population Health
Introduction
Determinants of Population Health
     Medical, Demographic, and Sociological Dimensions of Death
Basic Measures of Mortality
     Crude Death Rate
     Age-Specific Death Rate
     Age Pattern of Mortality
     Infant Mortality Rate and Its Components
     Causes of Death in Infancy
     Cause-Specific Death Rate
The Life Table
     Basic Description of the Life Table
     Life Table Functions
Mortality Change through History
     Epidemiological Transition
     Age of Famine and Pestilence (Prehistory to c. 1750)
     Age of Receding Pandemics (c. 1750 to the early 1920s)
     Age of Human-made and Degenerative Causes of Death (early 1920s to the 1960s)
     Extensions to Epidemiological Transition Theory
     The Fourth Stage: Age of Delayed Degenerative Diseases
     The Hybristic Feature of the Fourth Stage
     Exceptions to Epidemiological Transition Theory
     Health Transition
Aging and Health Dynamics in Advanced Societies
     Life Expectancy Change—Historical Overview
     The Concept of Lifespan
     Rectangularization of Survival
     Compression of Morbidity and Mortality
     Expansion of Survival
Health Patterns in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
     Life Expectancy Trends: 1950 Onwards
     Superior Health-Achieving Poor Nations
     The Global Burden of Disease
     The Ongoing HIV/AIDS Epidemic
Canadian Mortality: Trends, Patterns, and Differentials
     Mortality Trends before 1921
     Mortality Trends since 1921
     Infant Mortality
     Childhood Mortality
     Children Ages 1–4
     Children Ages 5–14
     Young Adulthood through Old Age
     Young Adults Ages 15–24
     Adults Ages 25–44
     Adults Ages 45–64
     Adults Ages 65–74
     Adults Ages 75 and Older
Inequalities in Health and Mortality
     Sex Differential in Mortality and Life Expectancy
     Indigeneous Peoples’ Health and Mortality
     Suicide in Indigenous People
     Socioeconomic Disparities in Health and Mortality
Canadian Mortality in Comparative Perspective
Conclusion
Notes for Further Study
     Standardization of Death Rates
     Direct Standardization
     Indirect Standardization
Exercises
Additional Reading
References

PART FOUR Demographic Processes II: Internal and International Migration

CHAPTER 9 Internal Migration
Introduction
Basic Concepts
     Migration
     Scale of Analysis
     The Uniqueness of Migration
     Sources of Migration Statistics
Basic Measures of Migration
     Migration Rates
     Stream-specific Migration Rates
     Analysis of Migration Frequencies
     Migration Efficiency
     Estimating Migration Using Residual Methods
Explanations of Migration
     The “Laws” of Migration
     The Mobility Transition
Typological Models of Migration
     Conservative versus Innovative Migration
Spatial Models of Migration
     Distance–Gravity Model
     Intervening Opportunities Model
     Neoclassical Macroeconomic Model
     Rational Actor Model of Migration
     Lee’s Theory of Migration
     Todaro’s Model of Rural–Urban Migration
     Migration, Risk, and Uncertainty
Social Demographic Aspects of Migration
     Selectivity of Migrants
     Age Pattern of Migration
     Gender, Family, and Migration
Internal Migration Patterns and Differentials in Canada
     The Regional Basis of Internal Migration
     Geographic Mobility of Immigrants
     Interurban Mobility
     Geographic Mobility of Indigenous Peoples
     Factors in Indigenous Geographic Mobility
Conclusion
Notes for Further Study
     Migration Efficiency
Exercises
Additional Reading
References

CHAPTER 10 International Migration
Introduction
Who Is an International Migrant
The Nature of International Migration
Macro-level Framework of International Migration
Basic Concepts
     Classification of International Migrants
     Canadian Immigration System
Data Sources and Basic Measures
Estimating International Migration
     Vital Statistics Method
     Estimating Emigration: Residual Method
     Statistics Canada Estimation of Immigration and Emigration
Migration in History
     Early Migrations of Homo sapiens
Migration in the Modern Era
     Migration during the Mercantile Period
     Migration during the Industrial Period
     Migration during the Interwar Period
     Migration in the Post-industrial Period
Theoretical Perspectives on International Migration
     Systems Perspective
     Economic and Sociological Perspectives
     Other Factors
     The State
     Transnationalism
     Immigrant Integration in Host Societies
Canadian Immigration History
     Immigration and Nation-building
     Immigration and Sociocultural Diversity
     Change in the National Origins of Immigrants
     Ethnocultural Origins
     Geographic Distribution of Immigrants
     Visible Minorities
Indigenous Population
International Migration: Future Outlook
Conclusion
Notes for Further Study
     International Migration Ratios and Rates
     Ratios
     Rates
Exercises
Additional Reading
References

PART FIVE Population Change and Societal Interrelationships

CHAPTER 11 Urbanization
Introduction
Basic Concepts and Measures
     What Is “Urban”?
     Urbanization
     Basic Measures of Urbanization
     Urban Proportion
     Percentage Change in Urban Proportion
     Rate of Growth of Urban Population
     Distribution of Urban Population by Size of Settlement
     Change in the Number of Settlements of a Given Population Size
     Components of Urbanization
Urbanization History
     The First Urban Revolution
     The Second Urban Revolution
     Global Urbanization since 1950
Urban Systems
     Urban Hierarchy
     Primate Cities and Global Cities
     Rank-Size Rule of Cities
     Global Cities
     Urban Agglomerations
     Megacities
     Future Global Urbanization: Outlook and Implications
Canadian Urbanization
     Urbanization History
     1. Pre-Confederation
     2. Confederation to 1900
     3. Early 1900s to 1931: Expansion of the Metropolitan System
     4. The 1930s to 1951
     5. The 1950s to the Present
     Development of Canada’s Metropolitan System
     Population within Census Metropolitan Areas
     Central and Peripheral Municipalities
     Large Urban Centres and Their Surrounding Areas
Rural and Small-Town Canada
Urban Change: Future Prospects
Conclusion
Notes for Further Study
     Zipf ’s Rank-Size Rule
     Canada’s Population by Geographic Area
Exercises
Additional Reading
References

CHAPTER 12 Demographic Change and Policy Concerns
Introduction
Population Policy
Population Policy and Society Interrelationships
     Moral Bases of Policy
     Sociopolitical Dimensions of Population Policy
     Unintended Consequences of Policy
     China’s One-Child Policy
     India’s Experience with Family Planning
Social Policy and Population Policy
Demographic Concerns: Global Perspective
     The Demographic Divide
     From Millennium Development Goals to Millennium Sustainability Goals
     Global Population Policy Orientations
     From Bucharest to Cairo and Beyond
     Population/Ecology Interrelationships
     Looking Ahead: Global Population Policy Concerns
     Population Age Structure
     Fertility and Family Planning
     Unmet Need for Family Planning
     Health and Mortality
     International Migration
Canadian Population Policy Concerns
     Canadian Population: From Frontier to Twenty-First Century Society
     Social Policy in Canada: Shifting Orientations
     Population Policy Challenges
     Policies That Can Affect Fertility
     The Immigration Option
     Aging of the Labour Force and Immigration
     Societal Implications of Improved Survival
     Pensions, Healthcare, and Intergenerational Opportunity Structures
     Other Areas of Policy Concern
The World at 8 Billion and Beyond
Conclusion
Additional Reading
References

Glossary

Frank Trovato

Dr. Frank Trovato is professor of sociology at the University of Alberta. His research explores phenomena in the intersections of sociology, demography and social epidemiology on topics such as narrowing sex differences in life expectancy in industrialized countries; immigrant and indigenous population variations in population health; the geographic mobility of immigrants; and trends and factors of fertility change in Canada. Professor Trovato is a past editor of the journal Canadian Studies in Population. His teaching includes graduate and undergraduate level courses in mortality and population health, the sociology of human fertility, family demography, internal and international migration and urbanization, and formal demographic methods.