This is the lab manual for Biology II, the second semester of a two-semester General Biology course for science majors.
There is much more to biology than memorizing facts in a textbook. The fun part of biology is actually doing it! This laboratory course is designed to help you develop the hands-on skills of biologist using the tools found in a typical, modern biology lab.
Each of the exercises in this manual begins with background to help you understand a core concept of biology. You will then be presented with a question of problem related to that concept. The lab exercise will guide you as you use the scientific method, laboratory tools, and standard protocols to answer that question or solve that problem. Throughout the course you will also evaluate scientific information, dig into primary research, use a lab notebook, collect and interpret quantitative data, and practice writing scientific reports.
As you work through this manual you will learn skills that you may use again in future classes, graduate school, or in a professional setting. Your manual will become a portfolio of the skills you learn as well as a record of the protocols you master. You may find it a valuable reference as you take advanced biology lab courses in the future.
Introduction
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Lab 14 Histology: The Biology of Tissues
Lab 15 Biological Classification: Cladograms, Phylograms, and Dichotomous Keys
Lab 16 Zoology I: Evolution of Sponges, Jellies, and Worms
Lab 17 Zoology II: Evolution of Mollusks, Arthropods, and Echinoderms
Lab 18 Zoology III: Evolution of Chordates
Lab 19 Astrobiology: Design an Animalien
Lab 20 Animal Physiology I: Life Support Systems
Lab 21 Animal Physiology II: Support and Movement
Lab 22 Animal Physiology III: The Biology of Sex
Lab 23 Animal Physiology IV: Brains and Senses
Lab 24 Botany I: Evolution and Characteristics of Simple Plants
Lab 25 Botany II: The Evolution and Characteristics of Complex Plants
Lab 26 Ecology: Relationships Between Organisms and Their Environments
Appendix H How to Create a Standard Curve Using Excel
Appendix I Reference Charts for Animal Classification
Appendix J Concept Maps as Tools for Learning
Appendix K Self-Test for Visual Accuity
Appendix L Tangent Table
Paul
Luyster
Paul Luyster earned his bachelor’s degree from Oral Roberts University, where he studied biology, chemistry, and philosophy. He completed a summer program at the University of Montana Biological Field Station, which is where his passion for biology really developed. He pursued a doctorate in systems ecology at the University of Georgia’s Institute of Ecology and also earned a masters in science education from Piedmont College. He completed a graduate certificate in medical human anatomy and physiology from the University of Florida’s College of Medicine, and he is finishing a PhD in biology at the University of North Texas. He has over 30 years of teaching experience. He has been employed by Tarrant County College in Fort Worth, Texas, since 2004. There, he has taught general biology for science majors, general biology for non-science majors, anatomy and physiology, microbiology, undergraduate biology research, and environmental biology field studies. He has received a number of teaching awards, including the NISOD Excellence Award and the Chancellor’s Quarterly Employee Excellence Award, and he was a finalist for the national Bellwether Award for Teaching. He is an active member of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society and is a National Academies Education Fellow. He has contributed to a number of print and digital publications, including Mastering A&P. He also sponsors a student organization for pre-nursing students and serves as the lead instructor for the Majors Biology courses at Tarrant County College, South Campus, Fort Worth, TX. Most importantly, Mr. Luyster enjoys getting to know his students and seeing them succeed as they pursue their academic and professional goals.