Jazz and Blues: Crossroads and Evolution

Author(s): Jeremy Brown

Edition: 3

Copyright: 2024

Pages: 490

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ISBN 9798385138906

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Jazz and Blues: Crossroads and Evolution is meant to address the American musical traditions from a couple of different perspectives.  It examines culture--how jazz and blues mirrored the changes and movements of the American people throughout the 20th century.  And it takes the purely musical view—valuing the great performers and performances, tracing the development of style from one sub-genre to another, and laying the ground rules for judging and debating the quality of the art form.

The book is designed for use in various kinds of courses—History of Jazz and Blues, Jazz Appreciation, or Blues History.  It can be both accessible to the non-music major and enlightening for the music major.  In its entirety, the book is designed with the general education student of humanities in mind.  The appendix on foundational elements of music provides a background for the musical concepts covered in the book, and the body of the book covers the music in depth and tie in important cultural movements.

Rhapsody.com playlists give the student easy access to the musical examples discussed in the textbook.  Rhapsody has an enormous library of music, which provides the instructor the opportunity to develop supplemental playlists and provides the student a broad landscape of recordings to explore after they have listened to the assigned material.


Part I—Jazz and Blues Basics

 

Chapter 1—Musical Elements of the Blues

Blues Melody

12-Bar Blues

Blues Lyrics

Call and Response in the Blues
Instrumentation

Analyze a Blues Performance

Chapter 2—Musical Elements of Jazz

Five Characteristics of Jazz

Instrumentation

Texture

Form

Arrangement

Analyze a Jazz Performance

Musical Elements in Jazz and Blues

Chapter 3—Roots of Jazz and Blues

Music in Europe

Music in Africa

Slave Songs in the New World

Religious Musical Activity

Reconstruction

Minstrelsy

 Ragtime

 

Part II—Early Blues (From the Beginning to the 1930s)

 

Chapter 4—Birth of the Blues and Classic “Vaudeville” Blues

Understanding Blues Aesthetic

First Appearances of the Blues

W. C. Handy
Classic “Vaudeville” Blues Singers—Mamie Smith, Ma Rainey, and Bessie Smith

Chapter 5- Country Blues 

The Shift from Classic to Country Blues

Texas Blues—Blind Lemon Jefferson, Lead Belly (Huddie Ledbetter)

Mississippi Delta Blues—Charley Patton, Son House, Skip James, Robert Johnson

 

Part III—Early Jazz (From the Beginning to the 1930s)

 

Chapter 6—New Orleans and Early Jazz

New Orleans History

Racial Make-up of New Orleans

Musical History of New Orleans

Birthplaces of Jazz—Storyville and the Battlefield

Instrumentation and Arranging in Early Jazz

Cornet Kings—Buddy Bolden, Freddie Keppard, Joe “King” Oliver

Other Important New Orleans Musicians—Jelly Roll Morton, Sidney Bechet

To Chicago

Chapter 7—Migration and Proliferation:  Jazz in Chicago

The Great Migration

The Roaring ‘20s!

Louis Armstrong

White Chicago Jazz

Boogie-Woogie Piano

Demise of the Chicago Jazz Scene

Chapter 8—Migration and Proliferation: Jazz in New York City

Tin Pan Alley

Forerunners to the New York Jazz Orchestra

Composition and Arranging

The Harlem Renaissance

Dance in Harlem

Paul Whiteman and Symphonic Jazz

Fletcher Henderson

Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington—Part 1

Stride Piano

What’s Next From New York?

 Chapter 9—Migration and Proliferation: Jazz in Kansas City & the
                     Territories

An Unlikely Boom Town

The Pendergasts—Corruption Breeds Music Yet Again

Early Kansas City Musical Tradition

The Territory Bands

Walter Page’s Blue Devils

Bennie Moten

Mary Lou Williams with Andy Kirk’s Twelve Clouds of Joy

Blues Singers in Kansas City Jazz

Big Joe Turner and Pete Johnson

Transition to the Swing Era

 

Part IV—Pop Jazz: The Swing Era (1930s–Mid 1940s)

 

Chapter 10—The Big Bands

An Infrastructure for Swing as Popular Entertainment

Benny Goodman

Count Basie

Duke Ellington—Part 2

Glenn Miller

Other Important Swing Bands

Conclusion

Chapter 11—Soloists and Singers

Small Groups and Soloists of the Swing Era

The Rise of the Tenor Saxophone

Coleman Hawkins

Lester Young

 Chu Berry

Ben Webster

 Jazz in Europe: Django Reinhardt and Stephane Grappelli

Singers of the Swing Era

 Ella Fitzgerald

 Billie Holiday

Frank Sinatra

Sarah Vaughan

The Decline of the Swing Era

 

Part V—Modernism and Technology (Mid 1940s–1950s)

 

Chapter 12—Modern Jazz—the Language of Bebop

Evolution through Innovation

Origins of Bebop—Bop’s Engineers at Minton’s Playhouse

Bebop Vernacular: What Did Bebop Sound Like?

Engineers of Bebop—Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Thelonious Monk, Kenny Clarke

Other Important Bebop Musicians

The Impact of Bebop

Chapter 13—Electric Blues of the 1940s and ‘50s

 Radio and Electric Blues—Rice Miller and Robert Lockwood

Electric Blues Pioneers—Lightnin’ Hopkins

Blues in Chicago—Muddy Waters, John Lee Hooker, Howlin’ Wolf

Bridge to Rock and Roll

The Harmonica

Chapter 14—Building on Bebop: Cool Jazz

The Parker Problem

Trad Jazz

Miles Davis at the Forefront

Modern Jazz Quartet

West Coast Jazz

Gerry Mulligan

Los Angeles Progressive Big Bands

Stan Getz and Bossa Nova

Chapter 15—Building on Bebop: Hard Bop

Clifford Brown-Max Roach Quintet

Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers

Miles Davis’s First Great Quintet

Horace Silver Quintet

Sonny Rollins

Soul Jazz

Wes Montgomery

 

Part VI—The Sixties (1959–1969)

 

Chapter 16—The Blues are Back

The Shifting Audience of the Blues

The 1960s Folk Revival

Cross-Integration of the Blues

Memphis and Beale Street—B.B. King
Chicago’s West Side Sound—Albert King, Buddy Guy

The Paul Butterfield Blues Band

The British Invasion and Psychedelic Rock

Jimi Hendrix

Psychedelia Infiltrates the Blues

Chapter 17—1959: A Watershed Year for Jazz

Miles Davis—Kind of Blue

John Coltrane—Giant Steps

Bill Evans—Portrait in Jazz

Cannonball Adderly—The Cannonball Adderley Quintet in San Francisco

Dave Brubeck—Time Out

Charles Mingus—Ah Um

Ornette Coleman—The Shape of Jazz to Come

Chapter 18—Jazz on the Forward Fringe

The Avant-Garde Jazz

Ornette Coleman

Cecil Taylor

Eric Dolphy

The Chicago Free Jazz Scene

Post Bop

John Coltrane’s Journey into the Avant-Garde

Miles Davis’s Second Great Quintet

 

Part VII—Post-Modern Shake-ups—(1970s–1990s)

 

Chapter 19—Rock, Funk, Psychedelic Music, and the Jazz Reaction

Fusion

Miles Again—Bitches Brew

Miles’s Sidemen

Tony Williams’s Lifetime

John McLaughlin: Mahavishnu Orchestra

Weather Rport—Wayne Shorter, Joe Zawinul, and Jaco Pastorius

Herbie Hancock and the Headhunters

Chick Corea—Return to Forever and the Elektric Band

Other Developments in the 1970s

Chapter 20—The 1980s Blues Revival and Contemporary Blues

1970s Downturn

Alligator Records—Johnny Winter

Taj Mahal and Eclectic Blues

1980s Revival—Diversification and Virtuosity—Albert Collins, Jimmie Vaughan, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Robert Cray

The New Downhome—North Mississippi Hill Country Blues—Otha Turner, Junior Kimbrough, North Mississippi Allstars, The Black Keys

Chapter 21—Conflicting Values: Jazz in the Late 20th Century

Commercialism and the Onset of Smooth Jazz

Something Borrowed, Something Blue: Neotraditionalism and the Young   Lions

Wynton Marsalis

Kenny Garrett

The New Fusion: Eclecticism and Electric Jazz

Pat Metheny

Michael Brecker

Globalization and Glocalization

Latin Jazz

 

Part VIII—The Future of Jazz and Blues

 

Chapter 22—Blues Today

The Marriage Between Rock and Blues

Southern Rock and Blues

Keb Mo

Gary Clark Jr.

Chapter 23—Jazz Today

The International Perspective

The Ascent of Women in Jazz

The Institutionalization of Jazz

New Life?

 

Appendix A—Introduction to the Foundational Elements of Music

The Staff

Frequency

Pitch: Melody and Harmony

Melody —The Keyboard, Register/Octave, Accidentals

Harmony—Major and Minor Key, Scale, Chords, Chord Progression

Rhythm—Pulse, Tempo, Subdivision, Music Notation, Rests, Meter, Measure

Appendix B—How to Write a Concert Report

Appendix C—How to Complete a Playlist Project

Appendix D—Glossary

References

Index

 

Jeremy Brown

Dr. Jeremy Brown is a jazz drummer, composer, and educator living in southern California. He is the chairman of the music department and has directed the Menifee Jazz Ensemble at Mt. San Jacinto College since 2007. He released a debut Jeremy Brown Quartet jazz recording in 2014. Jeremy has written articles for Modern Drummer magazine on contemporary jazz drumming and published an iBook on The Pearl Jam Drummers. Other recent projects include Kid Songs—a suite of big band compositions inspired by his sons—and musical settings of the poetry of Tennessee Williams in Experiment in a Glass. Today, Jeremy is active in music performance and education in southern California, working with many of the finest musicians and educators.

Before moving to California, Jeremy earned a Bachelor of Music Education degree from Baylor University; and a Master and Doctor of Musical Arts from the University of Texas at Austin. In the busy music scene of Austin Jeremy was in high demand as a drummer and percussionist, working nightly with Austin’s finest musicians in jazz, blues, rock, classical, and beyond including Tony Campise (Stan Kenton), guitarist Eric Johnson, Mitch Watkins, Seth Walker, Drew Smith, and Grammy award-winning saxophonist/arranger Mace Hibbard. He toured with Chicago – The Musical during his last year in Texas.

Jeremy was a member of Disney All-Star College Bands in Florida and in Paris. He was awarded a scholarship to attend the Henry Mancini Institute in Los Angeles. Jeremy has shared the stage with internationally known musicians and composers such as Kenny Garrett, Herbie Hancock, Quincy Jones, Christian McBride, Jerry Goldsmith, Eddie Daniels, and Mike Stern.

Jazz and Blues: Crossroads and Evolution is meant to address the American musical traditions from a couple of different perspectives.  It examines culture--how jazz and blues mirrored the changes and movements of the American people throughout the 20th century.  And it takes the purely musical view—valuing the great performers and performances, tracing the development of style from one sub-genre to another, and laying the ground rules for judging and debating the quality of the art form.

The book is designed for use in various kinds of courses—History of Jazz and Blues, Jazz Appreciation, or Blues History.  It can be both accessible to the non-music major and enlightening for the music major.  In its entirety, the book is designed with the general education student of humanities in mind.  The appendix on foundational elements of music provides a background for the musical concepts covered in the book, and the body of the book covers the music in depth and tie in important cultural movements.

Rhapsody.com playlists give the student easy access to the musical examples discussed in the textbook.  Rhapsody has an enormous library of music, which provides the instructor the opportunity to develop supplemental playlists and provides the student a broad landscape of recordings to explore after they have listened to the assigned material.


Part I—Jazz and Blues Basics

 

Chapter 1—Musical Elements of the Blues

Blues Melody

12-Bar Blues

Blues Lyrics

Call and Response in the Blues
Instrumentation

Analyze a Blues Performance

Chapter 2—Musical Elements of Jazz

Five Characteristics of Jazz

Instrumentation

Texture

Form

Arrangement

Analyze a Jazz Performance

Musical Elements in Jazz and Blues

Chapter 3—Roots of Jazz and Blues

Music in Europe

Music in Africa

Slave Songs in the New World

Religious Musical Activity

Reconstruction

Minstrelsy

 Ragtime

 

Part II—Early Blues (From the Beginning to the 1930s)

 

Chapter 4—Birth of the Blues and Classic “Vaudeville” Blues

Understanding Blues Aesthetic

First Appearances of the Blues

W. C. Handy
Classic “Vaudeville” Blues Singers—Mamie Smith, Ma Rainey, and Bessie Smith

Chapter 5- Country Blues 

The Shift from Classic to Country Blues

Texas Blues—Blind Lemon Jefferson, Lead Belly (Huddie Ledbetter)

Mississippi Delta Blues—Charley Patton, Son House, Skip James, Robert Johnson

 

Part III—Early Jazz (From the Beginning to the 1930s)

 

Chapter 6—New Orleans and Early Jazz

New Orleans History

Racial Make-up of New Orleans

Musical History of New Orleans

Birthplaces of Jazz—Storyville and the Battlefield

Instrumentation and Arranging in Early Jazz

Cornet Kings—Buddy Bolden, Freddie Keppard, Joe “King” Oliver

Other Important New Orleans Musicians—Jelly Roll Morton, Sidney Bechet

To Chicago

Chapter 7—Migration and Proliferation:  Jazz in Chicago

The Great Migration

The Roaring ‘20s!

Louis Armstrong

White Chicago Jazz

Boogie-Woogie Piano

Demise of the Chicago Jazz Scene

Chapter 8—Migration and Proliferation: Jazz in New York City

Tin Pan Alley

Forerunners to the New York Jazz Orchestra

Composition and Arranging

The Harlem Renaissance

Dance in Harlem

Paul Whiteman and Symphonic Jazz

Fletcher Henderson

Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington—Part 1

Stride Piano

What’s Next From New York?

 Chapter 9—Migration and Proliferation: Jazz in Kansas City & the
                     Territories

An Unlikely Boom Town

The Pendergasts—Corruption Breeds Music Yet Again

Early Kansas City Musical Tradition

The Territory Bands

Walter Page’s Blue Devils

Bennie Moten

Mary Lou Williams with Andy Kirk’s Twelve Clouds of Joy

Blues Singers in Kansas City Jazz

Big Joe Turner and Pete Johnson

Transition to the Swing Era

 

Part IV—Pop Jazz: The Swing Era (1930s–Mid 1940s)

 

Chapter 10—The Big Bands

An Infrastructure for Swing as Popular Entertainment

Benny Goodman

Count Basie

Duke Ellington—Part 2

Glenn Miller

Other Important Swing Bands

Conclusion

Chapter 11—Soloists and Singers

Small Groups and Soloists of the Swing Era

The Rise of the Tenor Saxophone

Coleman Hawkins

Lester Young

 Chu Berry

Ben Webster

 Jazz in Europe: Django Reinhardt and Stephane Grappelli

Singers of the Swing Era

 Ella Fitzgerald

 Billie Holiday

Frank Sinatra

Sarah Vaughan

The Decline of the Swing Era

 

Part V—Modernism and Technology (Mid 1940s–1950s)

 

Chapter 12—Modern Jazz—the Language of Bebop

Evolution through Innovation

Origins of Bebop—Bop’s Engineers at Minton’s Playhouse

Bebop Vernacular: What Did Bebop Sound Like?

Engineers of Bebop—Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Thelonious Monk, Kenny Clarke

Other Important Bebop Musicians

The Impact of Bebop

Chapter 13—Electric Blues of the 1940s and ‘50s

 Radio and Electric Blues—Rice Miller and Robert Lockwood

Electric Blues Pioneers—Lightnin’ Hopkins

Blues in Chicago—Muddy Waters, John Lee Hooker, Howlin’ Wolf

Bridge to Rock and Roll

The Harmonica

Chapter 14—Building on Bebop: Cool Jazz

The Parker Problem

Trad Jazz

Miles Davis at the Forefront

Modern Jazz Quartet

West Coast Jazz

Gerry Mulligan

Los Angeles Progressive Big Bands

Stan Getz and Bossa Nova

Chapter 15—Building on Bebop: Hard Bop

Clifford Brown-Max Roach Quintet

Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers

Miles Davis’s First Great Quintet

Horace Silver Quintet

Sonny Rollins

Soul Jazz

Wes Montgomery

 

Part VI—The Sixties (1959–1969)

 

Chapter 16—The Blues are Back

The Shifting Audience of the Blues

The 1960s Folk Revival

Cross-Integration of the Blues

Memphis and Beale Street—B.B. King
Chicago’s West Side Sound—Albert King, Buddy Guy

The Paul Butterfield Blues Band

The British Invasion and Psychedelic Rock

Jimi Hendrix

Psychedelia Infiltrates the Blues

Chapter 17—1959: A Watershed Year for Jazz

Miles Davis—Kind of Blue

John Coltrane—Giant Steps

Bill Evans—Portrait in Jazz

Cannonball Adderly—The Cannonball Adderley Quintet in San Francisco

Dave Brubeck—Time Out

Charles Mingus—Ah Um

Ornette Coleman—The Shape of Jazz to Come

Chapter 18—Jazz on the Forward Fringe

The Avant-Garde Jazz

Ornette Coleman

Cecil Taylor

Eric Dolphy

The Chicago Free Jazz Scene

Post Bop

John Coltrane’s Journey into the Avant-Garde

Miles Davis’s Second Great Quintet

 

Part VII—Post-Modern Shake-ups—(1970s–1990s)

 

Chapter 19—Rock, Funk, Psychedelic Music, and the Jazz Reaction

Fusion

Miles Again—Bitches Brew

Miles’s Sidemen

Tony Williams’s Lifetime

John McLaughlin: Mahavishnu Orchestra

Weather Rport—Wayne Shorter, Joe Zawinul, and Jaco Pastorius

Herbie Hancock and the Headhunters

Chick Corea—Return to Forever and the Elektric Band

Other Developments in the 1970s

Chapter 20—The 1980s Blues Revival and Contemporary Blues

1970s Downturn

Alligator Records—Johnny Winter

Taj Mahal and Eclectic Blues

1980s Revival—Diversification and Virtuosity—Albert Collins, Jimmie Vaughan, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Robert Cray

The New Downhome—North Mississippi Hill Country Blues—Otha Turner, Junior Kimbrough, North Mississippi Allstars, The Black Keys

Chapter 21—Conflicting Values: Jazz in the Late 20th Century

Commercialism and the Onset of Smooth Jazz

Something Borrowed, Something Blue: Neotraditionalism and the Young   Lions

Wynton Marsalis

Kenny Garrett

The New Fusion: Eclecticism and Electric Jazz

Pat Metheny

Michael Brecker

Globalization and Glocalization

Latin Jazz

 

Part VIII—The Future of Jazz and Blues

 

Chapter 22—Blues Today

The Marriage Between Rock and Blues

Southern Rock and Blues

Keb Mo

Gary Clark Jr.

Chapter 23—Jazz Today

The International Perspective

The Ascent of Women in Jazz

The Institutionalization of Jazz

New Life?

 

Appendix A—Introduction to the Foundational Elements of Music

The Staff

Frequency

Pitch: Melody and Harmony

Melody —The Keyboard, Register/Octave, Accidentals

Harmony—Major and Minor Key, Scale, Chords, Chord Progression

Rhythm—Pulse, Tempo, Subdivision, Music Notation, Rests, Meter, Measure

Appendix B—How to Write a Concert Report

Appendix C—How to Complete a Playlist Project

Appendix D—Glossary

References

Index

 

Jeremy Brown

Dr. Jeremy Brown is a jazz drummer, composer, and educator living in southern California. He is the chairman of the music department and has directed the Menifee Jazz Ensemble at Mt. San Jacinto College since 2007. He released a debut Jeremy Brown Quartet jazz recording in 2014. Jeremy has written articles for Modern Drummer magazine on contemporary jazz drumming and published an iBook on The Pearl Jam Drummers. Other recent projects include Kid Songs—a suite of big band compositions inspired by his sons—and musical settings of the poetry of Tennessee Williams in Experiment in a Glass. Today, Jeremy is active in music performance and education in southern California, working with many of the finest musicians and educators.

Before moving to California, Jeremy earned a Bachelor of Music Education degree from Baylor University; and a Master and Doctor of Musical Arts from the University of Texas at Austin. In the busy music scene of Austin Jeremy was in high demand as a drummer and percussionist, working nightly with Austin’s finest musicians in jazz, blues, rock, classical, and beyond including Tony Campise (Stan Kenton), guitarist Eric Johnson, Mitch Watkins, Seth Walker, Drew Smith, and Grammy award-winning saxophonist/arranger Mace Hibbard. He toured with Chicago – The Musical during his last year in Texas.

Jeremy was a member of Disney All-Star College Bands in Florida and in Paris. He was awarded a scholarship to attend the Henry Mancini Institute in Los Angeles. Jeremy has shared the stage with internationally known musicians and composers such as Kenny Garrett, Herbie Hancock, Quincy Jones, Christian McBride, Jerry Goldsmith, Eddie Daniels, and Mike Stern.