Laboratory Experiments for General Chemistry, Fourth Edition updates and expands on earlier editions of this lab manual and is designed for the conventional two-semester General Chemistry sequence that is required for most STEM and pre-health programs. The experiments cover a wide range of topics including physical and chemical properties, stoichiometry, gas laws, spectrophotometry, qualitative analysis, acids and bases, kinetics, equilibrium, thermodynamics, electrochemistry, and nuclear chemistry. The introduction to each experiment has been revised to more clearly and thoroughly explain the relevant theories and concepts. Formulas and equations are derived from fundamental relationships so that students can better understand why they collect certain data and how it is used to achieve their objectives. Pre-lab questions have been revised to more closely align with the concepts and calculations used in the experiments. Procedures and data sheets are now more clearly related to each other and require students to think more independently about how to perform calculations. Traditional experimental methods are still presented, but digital sensors and measuring devices have been incorporated into several procedures. In addition, quantities have been reduced wherever possible to consume less reagents and produce less waste. New features include reviews of the mathematics necessary for General Chemistry I and II, such as significant figures, unit conversions, and logarithms.
PART A
Overview of Mathematics in General Chemistry I
Experiment 1 Density of a Salt Solution
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
Experiment 2 Chromatography
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
Experiment 3 Molar Mass of a Copper Compound
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
Experiment 4 Composition of a Mixture
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
Experiment 5 Electrolytes
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
Experiment 6 Qualitative Analysis
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
Experiment 7 Determination of Water of Hydration by Gravimetric Analysis
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
Experiment 8 Preparation and Standardization of a Sodium Hydroxide Solution
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
Experiment 9 Molar Mass of a Volatile Liquid
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
Experiment 10 Molar Mass of a Metal
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
Experiment 11 Beer–Lambert’s Law and Spectrophotometry
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
Experiment 12 Determination of Molar Mass by the Freezing Point Depression Method
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
PART B
Overview of Mathematics in General Chemistry II
Experiment 1 Cation Analysis
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
Experiment 2 Enthalpy: Heat of Neutralization
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
Experiment 3 Kinetic Study: The Iodine Clock Reaction
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
Experiment 4 Determination of an Equilibrium Constant
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
Experiment 5 Ionization Constant of a Weak Acid
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
Experiment 6 Buffers
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
Experiment 7 Solubility Product Constant of Copper (II) Iodate
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
Experiment 8 The Effect of Temperature on an Equilibrium Constant
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
Experiment 9 Oxidation–Reduction Reaction
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
Experiment 10 Electrochemistry I: Voltaic Cells
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
Experiment 11 Electrochemistry II: Avogadro’s Number
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
Experiment 12 Properties of Radioactivity
Prelaboratory Questions
Introduction
Procedure
Data Sheet
Appendix A Universal Constants
Appendix B Conversion Factors
Appendix C Names and Formulas of Common Ions
Appendix D Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases
Appendix E Vapor Pressure of Water
Appendix F Solubility of Ionic Compounds
Appendix G Solubility Product Constants (Ksp)
Appendix H Ionization Constants of Weak Acids (Ka)
Appendix I Ionization Constants of Weak Bases (Kb)
Appendix J Standard Reduction Potentials at 25°C
Appendix K Thermodynamic Data at 1 atm and 25°C