Law Enforcement and American Policing: History, Culture, Methods, Practices, Tactics, and Techniques
Edition: 1
Copyright: 2024
Pages: 398
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Law Enforcement and American Policing: History, Culture, Methods, Practices, Tactics, and Techniques is a collection of thoughts based upon Dr. Girod’s experience over almost four decades, and upon the notes and handouts that he has collected during thousands of hours of advanced training. Dr. Girod has been trained by law enforcement, the U.S. military, and private-sector sources and educated at some of the finest universities. But, he has also applied what he has learned at the school of hard knocks and gained almost four decades of experience in the field, and on the streets.
Law Enforcement and American Policing is a collection of some of the things that Dr. Girod has found useful and interesting in pursuit of his profession as a law enforcement officer, attorney-at-law, professor, military officer, and author. In addition to making his own notes over the decades and saving handouts from his eminent instructors, he has collected manufacturer specifications and guidelines from vendors of equipment that he thought were worth the effort of saving for reference purposes.
Take note that laws change often, technology emerges, and tactics and techniques evolve. Readers and practitioners are advised (several times in this book) to continually seek competent legal counsel and update legal authorities before relying upon them.
Preface
About the Author
Introduction
SECTION ONE: THE HISTORY STRUCTURE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT
Chapter 1 History of Law Enforcement and Policing
Police Versus Law Enforcement
Predecessors of Modern Police
Biblical References to Judges, Magistrates, Sheriffs, and Officers
Magistrates – Sixth Century B.C. and Third Century B.C.
Quaestors 753–509 B.C. and 527–565 A.D.
The Praetorian Guard 509 B.C.–395 A.D.
The Praefectus Urbi (Urban Cohot) 509 B.C.–599 A.D.
The Vigiles 27 B.C.–205 A.D.
Lictors – First Century A.D
The Mutual Pledge, Hue and Cry, and Watch and Ward
Shire Reeve – The Sheriff – 500 A.D.–1700 A.D.
Provosts, Magistrates, Beadles, Night Watch, Constables, Marshals, and Police
The American Colonies
Timeline for the Historic Beginnings of Law Enforcement
References
Chapter 2 County Sheriffs and Other County Law Enforcement
Shire Reeve – The Sheriff – 500 A.D.–1700 A.D.
Sheriffs Around the World
Coming to America: Colonial Sheriffs
Sheriffs and County Police in the United States
Sheriffs State-by-State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Cherokee Nation
Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department (CA)
Cook County Sheriff’s Office (IL) (Chicago)
Harris County Sheriff’s Office (TX) (Houston)
San Diego County Sheriff’s Department (CA)
Miami-Dade-Dade County Police Department (FL)
Suffolk County Police Department (NY)
Las Vegas-Clark County Police Department (NV)
Nassau County Police Department (NY)
Baltimore County Police Department (MD)
National Sheriff’s Association (NSA)
Prosecutors and Their Investigators as Law Enforcement
I.C. § 33-39-4-1 Courts and Court Officers
National District Attorney’s Association (NDAA)
Coroners, Medical Examiners, and Their Investigators as Law Enforcement
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Municipal and Metropolitan Police: City, Town, Village, and Township Police
The Beginnings of Municipal Policing: Peel’s London Metropolitan Police
American Policing: Law Enforcement in the Colonies
Urban, Suburban, and Rural Policing
Politics in American Policing
Major Events Affecting Policing
Local Policing: Rural and Urban
Metropolitan Police and Urban Policing
City Police
Town and Village
Township Police
Major City/Municipal Police Departments
New York Police Department
Chicago Police Department
Los Angeles Police Department
Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department (IMPD)
References
Chapter 4 Institutional Police and Special Patrol Districts
Introduction
Institutional Police: Special Patrol Districts
Rail Road Police
Transit Police
Airport Police
Port Authority Police and Harbor Patrol
Housing Authority Police
Park Police
Hospital Police
School Board Police and Building Authority
University and College Police
Deaf School Police and Blind School Police
Indian Country and Tribal Law Enforcement
Chapter 5 Conservation, Natural Resources, and Environmental Law Enforcement
Introduction
Conservation and Natural Resources Law Enforcement
Department of Natural Resources, Fish & Wildlife, Parks, and Conservation Enforcement
Natural Resources and Conservation
Natural Resource and Conservation Law Enforcement: State-by-State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Conclusion
Chapter 6 Special Purpose Police And Private Police
Introduction
Special Purpose Police: Special Enforcement
Departments of Public Safety and Departments of Homeland Security
State Fire Marshals
Gaming Commission, Lottery Commission, and Racing Commission Law Enforcement
State Revenue and Tax Law Enforcement
Securities, Insurance, and Commerce Law Enforcement
Securities
Insurance and Commerce
State Attorney Generals and Departments of Justice
State and Local Inspector Generals
Other State Agencies: Agriculture and Public Utilities
Narcotics and Dangerous Drug Enforcement
Alcoholic Beverage Commission and Liquor Control Board Law Enforcement
Alcohol and Tobacco
Private Police, Security, and Investigators
References
Chapter 7 State Law Enforcement
Introduction
Police versus Law Enforcement
State Police and Highway Patrol
State Police and Highway Patrols: Year-By-Year
Texas Rangers and the Texas Department of Public Safety
State Bureaus of Investigations
State Bureaus of Investigations: State by State
Alabama
Arizona
California
Colorado
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maine
Minnesota
Mississippi
Montana
Nevada
New Jersey
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Wyoming
References
Chapter 8 Federal Law Enforcement
Police versus Law Enforcement
Federal Law Enforcement
Federal Law Enforcement and Arrest Statutes
U.S. Postal Inspectors: Established 1772
United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General
U.S. Marshals Service (USMS): Established September 24, 1789
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE and CBP): 1789 and 1924 (2002 and 2003)
U.S. Secret Service (USSS): Established July 5, 1865
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF): Established 1886
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): Established 1908
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA): Established 1915 (1973)
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
U.S. Department of Commerce
U.S. Department of Defense (DoD)
U.S. Department of Education
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI)
U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ)
U.S. Department of Labor (DOL)
U.S. Department of State (DOS)
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)
U.S. Department of the Treasury (USDT)
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)
Central Intelligence Agency Security Protective Service (SPS)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
National Gallery of Art
Smithsonian Institution
Federal Reserve System
Other Inspector General Offices
United States Congress
Judicial Branch
References
SECTION TWO: LAW ENFORCEMENT AND POLICE FUNCTIONS
Chapter 9 Police Patrol Operations and Community Policing
Introduction
Policing Models, Strategies, and Tactics
The Police Role, Operational Styles, and Police Discretion
Deterrence: The Kansas City Patrol Experiment
Operation Linebacker: Using Status Offenses to Deter Crime
A Day Without Police
Resource Allocation and Deployment
Patrol Tactics and Strategies
Team Policing
Community-Oriented Policing and Problem-Solving Policing
The Ten Principles of Community Policing
Street Survival and the Tactical Edge: Criminal Patrol Techniques
Police Officer Survival Tactics (POST)
Approaching Danger
Awareness Spectrum: Threat Conditions
Traffic Stops
Building Searches
Armed Robbery Response
Domestic Disturbances
Barricaded Subjects
Police Use of Force
Pursuits and Tactical Driving
References
Chapter 10 Crime Prevention Strategies and Techniques
Public Education
Community Mobilization
Law Enforcement – Community Links
Violence
Property Crime
Bias Crimes (violence and property-related)
Drugs
Youth
Safe and Attractive Public Places
Downtowns and Business Districts
Retail Business
Entertainment Districts
Malls
Parks
Hospitals
Public Transportation
Schools
Public Housing
Economic Development
References
Chapter 11 Traffic Enforcement, Crowd Control, and Accident Investigation
Police Traffic Operations
Traffic Direction and Crowd Control
Traffic Stops
Radar and Vascar Enforcement
Traffic Camera Enforcement and Automatic License Plate Readers (ALPR)
Drunk and Drugged Driver Enforcement
Seatbelt Enforcement
Distracted and Aggressive Driving
Accident Investigation
Other Accident Investigations
Chapter 12 Criminal Investigations
The Investigative Function
The Investigative Process
Deduction, Induction, Reconstruction, and Fact Finding
Case Files and Managing Criminal Investigations (MCI)
Innovative Investigative Techniques
Proactive Investigative Tactics and Techniques
Undercover Operations (UC)
Criminal Investigation Skills: Why Are the “Basics” Important?
Thorough and Methodical: Good, Old Fashioned Detective Work
Sources of Information
Law Enforcement Sources
Government Records
Business Records
Confidential Informants
Undercover Operations
Physical and Technical Surveillance
Interviewing and Interrogation
Types of Investigations
Crimes Against Persons
Death Investigations
Robbery Investigations
Sex Crimes
Crimes Against Property
Arson
Burglary
Auto Theft
Larceny
Fraud and Economic Crimes (Financial and Computer Crimes)
Crimes Against Public Morals (Vice and Narcotics)
Juvenile and Family Crimes
Counter-Intelligence and Security
Summary
References
Chapter 13 Vice and Narcotics Enforcement
Introduction
Pornography
Pornography Case Laws
Pornography Statutory Laws
Prostitution
Gaming, Gambling, and Lotteries
Federal Gambling Statutes
The Numbers Game
Bookmaking
Loansharking
Alcohol and Tobacco Control
Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs
Schedules of Dangerous Drugs and Controlled Substances
Drug Schedules
Schedule I
Schedule II
Schedule III
Schedule IV
Schedule V
Barbiturates
Depressants
Fentanyls
Glue and Other Inhalants
Hallucinogens
LSD – Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
Marijuana, Hashish, and Hashish Oil
Narcotics
Phencyclidine (PCP)
Stimulants
Amphetamines
Cocaine
Vice and Narcotics Enforcement Tactics and Techniques
References
SECTION THREE: LAW ENFORCEMENT ISSUES AND MANAGEMENT
Chapter 14 Police Technology
Introduction
Early Advances in Technology
Crime Scene Criminalistics and Crime Lab Forensic Technology
Command, Communication, and Control (C3): Management Tools
Computers, Information Technology, and Records Management
Investigative and Intelligence Technology
License Plate Recognition (LPR) and Automatic License Plate Readers (ALPRs)
Vendor Profile: Plate Recognizer
Vendor Profile: Flock Safety
Vendor Profile: AutoVu
Surveillance Technology
Less-Than-Lethal Weapons
Body Armor
Training Technology
Training Simulators
Vendor Profile: MILO System
Patrol and Security Technology
Weapon Mounted Cameras
Gunshot Detection Systems
Quantum Computing
Nanotechnology
Technology Research
References
Chapter 15 Police Culture, Ethics, Recruiting, Retention, Stress, Training, Planning and Research, Interaction with the Public, and Use of Force
Police Culture and Personality
Cultural Diversity
Minorities in Policing
Women in Policing
Equal Employment and Job Discrimination
Ethics in Law Enforcement
Recruiting
Becoming a Police Officer
Retention
Police Stress
Stress Response
Training
Basic Police Academy Training
Field Training Officers (FTOs)
In-Service Training
Advanced and Specialized Training
Planning and Research
Interaction Between Law Enforcement and the Public
“Driving While Black”
Guidelines for Interacting with Law Enforcement
The Cardinal Rule
Your Basic Rights and Responsibilities
If You Are Stopped on the Street
If You Are Stopped in Your Car
If Law Enforcement Comes to Your Door
If You Are Arrested
Officer Misconduct and Your Response
A Word of Caution
Police Shootings and Use of Force
Use of Force Law and Police
Use of Force and Firearms Training
Less-than-Lethal Force
References
Chapter 16 Police Supervision, Leadership, Management, and Administration
Introduction to Police Supervision, Leadership, Management, and Administration
Police Supervision: Ensuring Work Gets Done and Gets Done Right
Evaluating and Appraising Employee Performance
Team Synergy: Communicating and Motivating
Supervising the Problem Employee
The Disciplinary Process
Police Leadership: “Follow Me”
Management: POSDCORB
Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Directing
Coordinating
Reporting
Budgeting
Managerial Decision-Making and Strategic Planning
Participative Management
Police Administration
Human Resources: Organizing and Staffing
Recruiting
Planning and Training
Labor Relations, Collective Bargaining, and Police Unions
Organizing: Division of Labor
Contemporary and Evolving Issues
The BLM Movement
The Defunding the Police Movement
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 Public Safety, Homeland Security, and Emergency Management
Introduction
Public Safety
Police and Law Enforcement
Fire and Rescue Operations
The Fire Triangle: Fuel, Oxygen, Heat
Emergency Management
Other Public Safety Services
Homeland Security
Homeland Security and Terrorism
Emergency Management
Conclusion
References