Mindfulness Reimagined and The Image Priming Method Professional Version

Author(s): Jonathan C Smith

Choose Your Format

Mindfulness Reimagined is an advance in mindfulness instruction and practice. It is a unique, comprehensive, and practical guide for both students and teachers. It incorporates five powerful elements:

  • The Rich Training Format. Truly effective mindfulness training goes beyond the minimal format found in popular online or meditation app instruction. 
  • The Home Exercise. Students are guided to select a preferred core mindfulness exercise. Clear step-by-step (with online audio) instructions are provided for the three most popular and most validated exercises used by experts. Or one can use one's own exercise regardless of tradition. The home exercise forms the basis of training and can be of any length, ranging from 5 to 30 minutes.
  • Mindful Bodywork. Physical meditation-centered supplementary exercises reduce distracting tension and provide and easy body stimulus for sustained mindful focus. Students pick what works for them from yoga, breathing exercises, and progressive muscle relaxation - the three approaches with most empirical validation. Audio links are provided. Additional options include tai-chi, qi gong, light aerobics / strength training, and the new and innovative "Joy Workout" of simple rhythmic exercises (with video link).
  • The Universal Mindfulness Orienting Map. A remarkable orienting map of 27 "RMM States" enhances our understanding of the full potential of mindfulness and illuminates a rainbow of potential journeys. The Map is universally compatible and shows how diverse and seemingly unrelated traditions and techniques are all interrelated and can enhance and strengthen each other. This till is the product of over 30 peer-reviewed studies involving thousands o practitioners from such diverse traditions as meditation, mindfulness, yoga, tai chi, prayer, visualization, and various systems of clinical physical relaxation. 
  • The Image Priming Method. Training is enhanced by the new Image Training Method. Here, a guiding sequence of 500 provocative and stunning training images strategically deepen our understanding of mindfulness, quiet focus on the living present moment.

This user-friendly and practical manual is clear, direct, and engaging. Notable features include:

  • Universally compatible, based on no specific religion, dogma, or psychological system,
  • Written for beginning and advanced practitioners and trainers,
  • Links to online audio instruction spoken by Dr. Smith,
  • Do-it-yourself option for self-run groups,
  • Flexible lengths from single one hour session to 10 week course,
  • Compatible for self-exploration, therapy, or spiritual growth,
  • Appropriate for those who already have and wish to continue a preferred practice, or beginners exploring mindfulness for the first time. 

PART 1: THE FOUR LESSONS

OVERVIEW
The Format
The Method

LESSON 1: The Home Exercise
Breath Scanning
Meditation on the Word ONE
Meditation on Sounds
Online Instructions
General Instructions

LESSON 2: Mindful Bodywork
Yoga
Active Breathing
Passive Breathing
Progressive Muscle Relaxation
Additional Options

LESSON 3: The Universal Map
Partial Maps of Relaxation, Meditation, and Mindfulness
The Big Picture and Five Groups of RMM States
1. Basic Relaxation
2. Quiet Acceptance
3. Mindful Focus
4. Mindful Engagement
5. Mindful Transcendence
Using the Universal Map
Choice, Variety, and Depth

LESSON 4: The Image Journey

PART 2: THE IMAGE PRIMING JOURNEY
Collecting Images
Galleries and the Image Priming Method
The Great House of Galleries, Collections, and Images
Your Private Collection: Images that Speak to You
Three Secrets
The Silent Gallery
The Image is Your Guide
The Elephant
The Koan Trap
Religious, Spiritual, and Philosophical Questions

PART 3: INSTRUCTIONAL MANUAL FOR IMAGE PRIMING
Option 1: The Basic Exercise
Option 2: The Ten Week Course
Option 3: Your Personal Gallery
Option 4: A Web-Based Image Search, Clip Art Sites
Option 5: A Web-Based Image Search, New Artist Gallery Option
Option 6: Sharing

PART 4: THE GRAND HOUSE OF IMAGES

The Gallery of Nature
Collection 1: Deserts (image #1 – image #4)
Collection 2: Pebbles (#5 – #8)
Collection 3: Floating Leaves (#9 – #12)
Collection 4: Dewdrops (#13 – #16)
Collection 5: Floating Islands (#17 – #20)
Collection 6: Reflections in Nature (#21 – #24)
Collection 7: Meadows (#25 – #28)
Collection 8: Hills (#29 – #32)
Collection 9: Mountains (#33 – #36)
Collection 10: Tree Stumps (#37 – #40)
Collection 11: Maze Gardens (#41 – #44)
Collection 12: Cabins (#45 – #48)
Collection 13: Tree Houses (#49 – #52)
Collection 14: Entering the Deep Forest (#53 – #56)
Collection 15: Exploring the Deep Forest (#57 – #60)

The Gallery of Water
Collection 16: Baths (#61 – #64)
Collection 17: Rain (#65 – #68)
Collection 18: Rain Forest (#69 – #72)
Collection 19: The Brook (#73 – #76)
Collection 20: Pebbled Brooks (#77 – #80)
Collection 21: Rivers (#81 – #84)
Collection 22: Floating Lights (#85 – #88)
Collection 23: The Glacier (#89 – #92)
Collection 24: Waterfalls 1 (#93 – #96)
Collection 25: Waterfalls 2 (#97 – #100)
Collection 26: Waterfalls 3 (#101 – #104)
Collection 27: Waves (#105 – #108)
Collection 28: Surfing (#109 – #112)
Collection 29: Sailboats (#113 – #116)

The Gallery of Floating and Flying
Collection 30: Bubbles (#117 – #120)
Collection 31: Dandelions (#121 – #124)
Collection 32: Kites (#125 – #128)
Collection 33: Clouds (#129 – #132)
Collection 34: Birds (#133 – #136)
Collection 35: Hot Air Balloons 1 (#137 – #140)
Collection 36: Hot Air Balloons 2 (#141 – #144)

The Gallery of Travelling
Collection 37: Caves (#145 – #148)
Collection 38: Trains (#149 – #152)
Collection 39: Camping (#153 – #156)
Collection 40: Hiking (#157 – #160)
Collection 41: Mountain Climbing (#161 – #164)
Collection 42: The Mountain Top (#165 – #168)

The Gallery of the Shock of the Surreal
Collection 43: The Maze of Life (#169 – #172)
Collection 44: Surreal Animals (#173 – #176)
Collection 45: Surreal Birds (#177 – #180)
Collection 46: Surreal Buildings (#181 – #184)
Collection 47: Surreal Doors (#185 – #188)
Collection 48: Surreal Keys (#189 – #192)
Collection 49: Surreal Hands (#193 – #196)
Collection 50: Surreal Paths (#197 – #200)
Collection 51: Surreal Climb (#201 – #204)
Collection 52: Surreal Flight (#205 – #208)
Collection 53: Surreal Fantasy (#209 – #212)
Collection 54: Surreal Communication (#213 – #216)
Collection 55: Surreal Love (#217 – #220)
Collection 56: Surreal Mind (#221 – #224)
Collection 57: Surreal Time (#225 – #228)

The Gallery of the Impressionist Vision
Collection 58: Impressionist Ponds (#229 – #232)
Collection 59: Impressionist Boats (#233 – #236)
Collection 60: Impressionist Buildings 1 (#237 – #240)
Collection 61: Impressionist Buildings 2 (#241 – #244)
Collection 62: Impressionist Fields (#245 – #248)
Collection 63: Impressionist Flowers (#249 – #252)
Collection 64: Impressionist Animals (#253 – #256)
Collection 65: Impressionist People 1 (#257 – #260)
Collection 66: Impressionist People 2 (#261 – #264)

The Gallery of Love and Humanity
Collection 67: The Breath of Life (#265 – #268)
Collection 68: Human Form (#269 – #272)
Collection 69 : Infant Surprise (#273 – #276)
Collection 70: Infant Joy (#277 – #280)
Collection 71: Infant Frustration (#281 – #284)
Collection 72: Infant Animals (#285 – #288)
Collection 73: Woman and Child(#289 – #292)
Collection 74: Man and Child (#293 – #296)
Collection 75: Faces of Wisdom (#297 – #300)
Collection 76: The Massage (#301 – #304)
Collection 77: Hugs 1 (#305 – #308)
Collection 78: Hugs 2 (#309 – #312)
Collection 79: The Kiss (#313 – #316)
Collection 80: Selfless (#317 – #320)
Collection 81: Sharing Food (#321 – #324)
Collection 82: Hands of Gratitude (#325 – #328)

The Gallery of the Cosmos
Collection 83: Stars at Night 1 (#329 – #332)
Collection 84: Stars at Night 2 (#333 – #336)
Collection 85: Into Space (#337 – #340)
Collection 86: Earthview (#341 – #344)
Collection 87: The Cosmos (#345 – #348)
Collection 88: Black Holes (#349 – #352)

The Gallery of the Cycle of Life and Decay
Collection 89: Theaters (#353 – #356)
Collection 90: Cars (#357 – #360)
Collection 91: Boats (#361 – #364)
Collection 92: Airplanes (#365 – #368)
Collection 93: Trains (#369 – #372)
Collection 94: Bridges (#373 – #376)
Collection 95: Mansions (#377 – #380)
Collection 96: Factories (#381 – #384)
Collection 97: Mannequins (#385 – #388)
Collection 98: Statues (#389 – #392)
Collection 99: Amusement Parks (#393 – #396)
Collection 100: Cycle of Civilizations (#397 – #400)
Collection 101: Abandoned Houses of Faith and Worship (#401 – #404)
Collection 102: Abandoned Temples of Meditation (#405 – #408)

The Gallery of Spirituality and Religion
Collection 103: Surreal Questions and Mysteries 1 (#409 – #412)
Collection 104: Surreal Questions and Mysteries 2 (#413 – #416)
Collection 105: Surreal Questions and Mysteries 3 (#417 – #420)
Collection 106: Surreal Questions and Mysteries 4 (#421 – #424)
Collection 107: Surreal Questions and Mysteries 5 (#425 – #428)
Collection 108: Icons of Spirituality 1 (#429 – #432)
Collection 109: Icons of Spirituality 2 (#433 – #436)
Collection 110: Prayer 1 (#437 – #440)
Collection 111: Prayer 2 (#441 – #444)
Collection 112: Yoga Poses (#445 – #448)
Collection 113: Tai Chi (#449 – #452)
Collection 114: Martial Arts (#453 – #456)
Collection 115: Walking Meditation (#457 – #460)
Collection 116: Zen Garden (#461 – #464)
Collection 117: Meditation Room (#465 – #468)
Collection 118: Meditation Tree 1 (#469 – #472)
Collection 119: Meditation Tree 2 (#473 – #476)
Collection 120: Houses of Faith and Spirituality (#477 – #480)
Collection 121: Mandalas (#481 – #484)
Collection 122: Stained Glass Windows 1 (#485 – #488)
Collection 123: Stained Glass Windows 2 (#489 – #492)
Collection 124: Stained Glass Windows 3 (#493 – #496)
Collection 125: The Eye of Mindfulness (#497 – #500)

Basement of Challenges
Storage Room 1 (#501 – #504)
Storage Room 2 (#505 – #508)
Storage Room 3 (#509 – #512)
Storage Room 4 (#513 – #515)

PART 5: TRAINING NOTES

BONUS SECTION: 50 RELAXATION / MEDITATION / MINDFULNESS EXERCISES
Yoga
Progressive Muscle Relaxation
Breathing Exercises
Autogenic Suggestion
Imagery
Meditation / Mindfulness (“Eye of Mindfulness”)
Daily Meditation / Mindfulness Introductory.daily Practice

References

Jonathan C Smith

Jonathan C. Smith, PhD is a professor of psychology at Chicago’s Roosevelt University and founding director of the Roosevelt University Mindfulness Initiative. In his 50 years at the University, he has served as teacher, supervisor, program director, researcher, clinical psychologist, and most notably initiator of the Roosevelt University doctoral program (PsyD) in clinical psychology. Dr. Smith has studied and practiced mindfulness and contemplative techniques since 1969. Since 1975 he has taught over 150 mindfulness classes of over 4,000 students.

Not wedded to any specific tradition, his approach is inclusive, flexible, individualized, and based on science. A typical course covers a complete menu of exercises, including at least the following: yoga, breathing exercises, muscle relaxation autogenic self-suggestion, imagery, mantra meditation, and full mindfulness.

Dr. Smith’s publications include more than 20 books (with more in preparation).  His training materials have been used and translated around the world (Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Republic of South Africa, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, and Taiwan).

Mindfulness Reimagined is an advance in mindfulness instruction and practice. It is a unique, comprehensive, and practical guide for both students and teachers. It incorporates five powerful elements:

  • The Rich Training Format. Truly effective mindfulness training goes beyond the minimal format found in popular online or meditation app instruction. 
  • The Home Exercise. Students are guided to select a preferred core mindfulness exercise. Clear step-by-step (with online audio) instructions are provided for the three most popular and most validated exercises used by experts. Or one can use one's own exercise regardless of tradition. The home exercise forms the basis of training and can be of any length, ranging from 5 to 30 minutes.
  • Mindful Bodywork. Physical meditation-centered supplementary exercises reduce distracting tension and provide and easy body stimulus for sustained mindful focus. Students pick what works for them from yoga, breathing exercises, and progressive muscle relaxation - the three approaches with most empirical validation. Audio links are provided. Additional options include tai-chi, qi gong, light aerobics / strength training, and the new and innovative "Joy Workout" of simple rhythmic exercises (with video link).
  • The Universal Mindfulness Orienting Map. A remarkable orienting map of 27 "RMM States" enhances our understanding of the full potential of mindfulness and illuminates a rainbow of potential journeys. The Map is universally compatible and shows how diverse and seemingly unrelated traditions and techniques are all interrelated and can enhance and strengthen each other. This till is the product of over 30 peer-reviewed studies involving thousands o practitioners from such diverse traditions as meditation, mindfulness, yoga, tai chi, prayer, visualization, and various systems of clinical physical relaxation. 
  • The Image Priming Method. Training is enhanced by the new Image Training Method. Here, a guiding sequence of 500 provocative and stunning training images strategically deepen our understanding of mindfulness, quiet focus on the living present moment.

This user-friendly and practical manual is clear, direct, and engaging. Notable features include:

  • Universally compatible, based on no specific religion, dogma, or psychological system,
  • Written for beginning and advanced practitioners and trainers,
  • Links to online audio instruction spoken by Dr. Smith,
  • Do-it-yourself option for self-run groups,
  • Flexible lengths from single one hour session to 10 week course,
  • Compatible for self-exploration, therapy, or spiritual growth,
  • Appropriate for those who already have and wish to continue a preferred practice, or beginners exploring mindfulness for the first time. 

PART 1: THE FOUR LESSONS

OVERVIEW
The Format
The Method

LESSON 1: The Home Exercise
Breath Scanning
Meditation on the Word ONE
Meditation on Sounds
Online Instructions
General Instructions

LESSON 2: Mindful Bodywork
Yoga
Active Breathing
Passive Breathing
Progressive Muscle Relaxation
Additional Options

LESSON 3: The Universal Map
Partial Maps of Relaxation, Meditation, and Mindfulness
The Big Picture and Five Groups of RMM States
1. Basic Relaxation
2. Quiet Acceptance
3. Mindful Focus
4. Mindful Engagement
5. Mindful Transcendence
Using the Universal Map
Choice, Variety, and Depth

LESSON 4: The Image Journey

PART 2: THE IMAGE PRIMING JOURNEY
Collecting Images
Galleries and the Image Priming Method
The Great House of Galleries, Collections, and Images
Your Private Collection: Images that Speak to You
Three Secrets
The Silent Gallery
The Image is Your Guide
The Elephant
The Koan Trap
Religious, Spiritual, and Philosophical Questions

PART 3: INSTRUCTIONAL MANUAL FOR IMAGE PRIMING
Option 1: The Basic Exercise
Option 2: The Ten Week Course
Option 3: Your Personal Gallery
Option 4: A Web-Based Image Search, Clip Art Sites
Option 5: A Web-Based Image Search, New Artist Gallery Option
Option 6: Sharing

PART 4: THE GRAND HOUSE OF IMAGES

The Gallery of Nature
Collection 1: Deserts (image #1 – image #4)
Collection 2: Pebbles (#5 – #8)
Collection 3: Floating Leaves (#9 – #12)
Collection 4: Dewdrops (#13 – #16)
Collection 5: Floating Islands (#17 – #20)
Collection 6: Reflections in Nature (#21 – #24)
Collection 7: Meadows (#25 – #28)
Collection 8: Hills (#29 – #32)
Collection 9: Mountains (#33 – #36)
Collection 10: Tree Stumps (#37 – #40)
Collection 11: Maze Gardens (#41 – #44)
Collection 12: Cabins (#45 – #48)
Collection 13: Tree Houses (#49 – #52)
Collection 14: Entering the Deep Forest (#53 – #56)
Collection 15: Exploring the Deep Forest (#57 – #60)

The Gallery of Water
Collection 16: Baths (#61 – #64)
Collection 17: Rain (#65 – #68)
Collection 18: Rain Forest (#69 – #72)
Collection 19: The Brook (#73 – #76)
Collection 20: Pebbled Brooks (#77 – #80)
Collection 21: Rivers (#81 – #84)
Collection 22: Floating Lights (#85 – #88)
Collection 23: The Glacier (#89 – #92)
Collection 24: Waterfalls 1 (#93 – #96)
Collection 25: Waterfalls 2 (#97 – #100)
Collection 26: Waterfalls 3 (#101 – #104)
Collection 27: Waves (#105 – #108)
Collection 28: Surfing (#109 – #112)
Collection 29: Sailboats (#113 – #116)

The Gallery of Floating and Flying
Collection 30: Bubbles (#117 – #120)
Collection 31: Dandelions (#121 – #124)
Collection 32: Kites (#125 – #128)
Collection 33: Clouds (#129 – #132)
Collection 34: Birds (#133 – #136)
Collection 35: Hot Air Balloons 1 (#137 – #140)
Collection 36: Hot Air Balloons 2 (#141 – #144)

The Gallery of Travelling
Collection 37: Caves (#145 – #148)
Collection 38: Trains (#149 – #152)
Collection 39: Camping (#153 – #156)
Collection 40: Hiking (#157 – #160)
Collection 41: Mountain Climbing (#161 – #164)
Collection 42: The Mountain Top (#165 – #168)

The Gallery of the Shock of the Surreal
Collection 43: The Maze of Life (#169 – #172)
Collection 44: Surreal Animals (#173 – #176)
Collection 45: Surreal Birds (#177 – #180)
Collection 46: Surreal Buildings (#181 – #184)
Collection 47: Surreal Doors (#185 – #188)
Collection 48: Surreal Keys (#189 – #192)
Collection 49: Surreal Hands (#193 – #196)
Collection 50: Surreal Paths (#197 – #200)
Collection 51: Surreal Climb (#201 – #204)
Collection 52: Surreal Flight (#205 – #208)
Collection 53: Surreal Fantasy (#209 – #212)
Collection 54: Surreal Communication (#213 – #216)
Collection 55: Surreal Love (#217 – #220)
Collection 56: Surreal Mind (#221 – #224)
Collection 57: Surreal Time (#225 – #228)

The Gallery of the Impressionist Vision
Collection 58: Impressionist Ponds (#229 – #232)
Collection 59: Impressionist Boats (#233 – #236)
Collection 60: Impressionist Buildings 1 (#237 – #240)
Collection 61: Impressionist Buildings 2 (#241 – #244)
Collection 62: Impressionist Fields (#245 – #248)
Collection 63: Impressionist Flowers (#249 – #252)
Collection 64: Impressionist Animals (#253 – #256)
Collection 65: Impressionist People 1 (#257 – #260)
Collection 66: Impressionist People 2 (#261 – #264)

The Gallery of Love and Humanity
Collection 67: The Breath of Life (#265 – #268)
Collection 68: Human Form (#269 – #272)
Collection 69 : Infant Surprise (#273 – #276)
Collection 70: Infant Joy (#277 – #280)
Collection 71: Infant Frustration (#281 – #284)
Collection 72: Infant Animals (#285 – #288)
Collection 73: Woman and Child(#289 – #292)
Collection 74: Man and Child (#293 – #296)
Collection 75: Faces of Wisdom (#297 – #300)
Collection 76: The Massage (#301 – #304)
Collection 77: Hugs 1 (#305 – #308)
Collection 78: Hugs 2 (#309 – #312)
Collection 79: The Kiss (#313 – #316)
Collection 80: Selfless (#317 – #320)
Collection 81: Sharing Food (#321 – #324)
Collection 82: Hands of Gratitude (#325 – #328)

The Gallery of the Cosmos
Collection 83: Stars at Night 1 (#329 – #332)
Collection 84: Stars at Night 2 (#333 – #336)
Collection 85: Into Space (#337 – #340)
Collection 86: Earthview (#341 – #344)
Collection 87: The Cosmos (#345 – #348)
Collection 88: Black Holes (#349 – #352)

The Gallery of the Cycle of Life and Decay
Collection 89: Theaters (#353 – #356)
Collection 90: Cars (#357 – #360)
Collection 91: Boats (#361 – #364)
Collection 92: Airplanes (#365 – #368)
Collection 93: Trains (#369 – #372)
Collection 94: Bridges (#373 – #376)
Collection 95: Mansions (#377 – #380)
Collection 96: Factories (#381 – #384)
Collection 97: Mannequins (#385 – #388)
Collection 98: Statues (#389 – #392)
Collection 99: Amusement Parks (#393 – #396)
Collection 100: Cycle of Civilizations (#397 – #400)
Collection 101: Abandoned Houses of Faith and Worship (#401 – #404)
Collection 102: Abandoned Temples of Meditation (#405 – #408)

The Gallery of Spirituality and Religion
Collection 103: Surreal Questions and Mysteries 1 (#409 – #412)
Collection 104: Surreal Questions and Mysteries 2 (#413 – #416)
Collection 105: Surreal Questions and Mysteries 3 (#417 – #420)
Collection 106: Surreal Questions and Mysteries 4 (#421 – #424)
Collection 107: Surreal Questions and Mysteries 5 (#425 – #428)
Collection 108: Icons of Spirituality 1 (#429 – #432)
Collection 109: Icons of Spirituality 2 (#433 – #436)
Collection 110: Prayer 1 (#437 – #440)
Collection 111: Prayer 2 (#441 – #444)
Collection 112: Yoga Poses (#445 – #448)
Collection 113: Tai Chi (#449 – #452)
Collection 114: Martial Arts (#453 – #456)
Collection 115: Walking Meditation (#457 – #460)
Collection 116: Zen Garden (#461 – #464)
Collection 117: Meditation Room (#465 – #468)
Collection 118: Meditation Tree 1 (#469 – #472)
Collection 119: Meditation Tree 2 (#473 – #476)
Collection 120: Houses of Faith and Spirituality (#477 – #480)
Collection 121: Mandalas (#481 – #484)
Collection 122: Stained Glass Windows 1 (#485 – #488)
Collection 123: Stained Glass Windows 2 (#489 – #492)
Collection 124: Stained Glass Windows 3 (#493 – #496)
Collection 125: The Eye of Mindfulness (#497 – #500)

Basement of Challenges
Storage Room 1 (#501 – #504)
Storage Room 2 (#505 – #508)
Storage Room 3 (#509 – #512)
Storage Room 4 (#513 – #515)

PART 5: TRAINING NOTES

BONUS SECTION: 50 RELAXATION / MEDITATION / MINDFULNESS EXERCISES
Yoga
Progressive Muscle Relaxation
Breathing Exercises
Autogenic Suggestion
Imagery
Meditation / Mindfulness (“Eye of Mindfulness”)
Daily Meditation / Mindfulness Introductory.daily Practice

References

Jonathan C Smith

Jonathan C. Smith, PhD is a professor of psychology at Chicago’s Roosevelt University and founding director of the Roosevelt University Mindfulness Initiative. In his 50 years at the University, he has served as teacher, supervisor, program director, researcher, clinical psychologist, and most notably initiator of the Roosevelt University doctoral program (PsyD) in clinical psychology. Dr. Smith has studied and practiced mindfulness and contemplative techniques since 1969. Since 1975 he has taught over 150 mindfulness classes of over 4,000 students.

Not wedded to any specific tradition, his approach is inclusive, flexible, individualized, and based on science. A typical course covers a complete menu of exercises, including at least the following: yoga, breathing exercises, muscle relaxation autogenic self-suggestion, imagery, mantra meditation, and full mindfulness.

Dr. Smith’s publications include more than 20 books (with more in preparation).  His training materials have been used and translated around the world (Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Republic of South Africa, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, and Taiwan).