Pathophysiology & Exercise
Edition: 1
Copyright: 2022
Edition: 1
Copyright: 2022
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According to recent statistics, fewer than twenty-three percent of Americans are presently meeting the minimum guidelines for physical activity. The Centers for Disease Control and Preventions reports that nearly half of adults in the United States have stage 1 hypertension or are taking medication for hypertension. Obesity rates continue to increase at alarming rates. Hypokinetic disease puts a tremendous stress on the United States health care system.
Exercise (along with healthy lifestyle choices like a balanced diet and the absence of smoking) is one thing that one can do to minimize the risk of disease and promote longevity. In the fields of exercise science (and the medical professions that hopefully have a solid foundation in exercise physiology and the role of exercise in disease prevention and treatment), we often encounter individuals (sedentary to elite athlete, with varying levels of physical activity) who are injured, sick, or otherwise physically impaired. It is essential for the exercise specialist to have a foundational understanding of common medical conditions both to aid in the exercise prescription and to permit the exercise specialist to adequately communicate with the patient/client and to act as a liaison and advocate with the doctor. As such, an understanding of pathophysiology and exercise is pertinent. As the American College of Sports Medicine promotes, “Exercise is MedicineÒ.”
While some exercise science students will go on to become physicians, physician assistants, physical or occupational therapists, or other health care professionals, many will work with clients in clinical, as well as general fitness, settings who have medical issues that may be affected by exercise. While it may not be the role of the exercise professional to diagnose disease, it behooves one to understand how disease is diagnosed. Moreover, it is important to understand the etiology, pathogenesis, and prognosis of disease—and the role that exercise plays in these.
This text is intended to familiarize the professional with common conditions that might appear on the medical history. Knowledge of the relative terminology and a basic understanding of the pathology will help the professional ask the right questions of the client, to communicate with the physician, and refine the exercise prescription. For the health care professional, a better understanding of exercise will empower them to address disease from a preventative position.
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 Introduction to Pathophysiology and Exercise
Chapter 2 Medical Terminology
Chapter 3 Cell Injury, Inflammation, Fever, and Healing
Normal Cell
Causes of Cell Injury
Diagnosis and Monitoring of Injury
Inflammation
Treatment of Inflammation
Fever
Healing
Chapter 4 Immunity
Overview of the Immune System
Lymphoid Tissue
Immune Response
Acquired Immunity
Immune Deficiency Syndromes
Exercise and Immune Function
Exercise and Aging
Chapter 5 Cancer and Exercise
Tumor Terminology
Tumor Structure and Behavior
Oncogenesis
Tumor Treatment
Role of Exercise
Chapter 6 Cardiorespiratory Exercise Physiology
Heart Anatomy
Conduction System of the Heart
Hemodynamics
Respiratory Anatomy
Respiratory Physiology
Airflow Mechanics
Lung Volumes and Capacities
Perfusion/Ventilation
The Role of Exercise in the Maintenance of Heart Function
Chapter 7 Blood Disorders
Blood Disorders
Chapter 8 Hemodynamic Disorders
Hemolytic Disorders
Embolism
Vascular Disorders
Hypertension
Treatment of Hypertension
Sequela of Atherosclerosis
Aneurism
Vascular Inflammation and Other Vascular Conditions.
Chapter 9 Cardiac Pathophysiology
Heart Failure
Pericardial Disease
Myocarditis
Infective endocarditis
Valvular Disease.
Ischemic Heart Disease
Cardiomyopathy
Congenital Heart Defects
Tetralogy of Fallot
Circulatory Shock
Cardiovascular System Compensation for Volume Loss
Treatment of Circulatory Shock
Progression of Circulatory Shock
Chapter 10 Respiratory Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Disease
Obstructive Lung Disease
Restrictive Lung Diseases
Chronic Intrinsic Restrictive Lung Disease
Lung Infection
Respiratory Failure
Miscellaneous Pulmonary Conditions
Exercise and Respiratory Disease
Chapter 11 Skeletal and Muscular Pathophysiology
Normal Bone Metabolism and Function
Bone Pathophysiology
The Aging Musculoskeletal System
Chapter 12 Disorders of the Central Nervous System
Central Nervous System Anatomy, Protection, and Support.
General Central Nervous System Pathology.
Chapter 13 Disorders of Sensation and Movement
Electromyography and Mechanomyography
Diagnosis of Movement Disorders
Peripheral Nerve Disorders
Entrapment Syndromes
Parkinson’s Disease
Huntington’s Disease
Cerebral Palsy
Multiple sclerosis
Alzheimer’s Disease
Exercise and Motor Control and Function
Chapter 14 Epilepsy and Seizures
Causes of epilepsy
Diagnosis of epilepsy
Treatment of epilepsy
How the diagnosis of epilepsy may change one’s life?
First Aid for Epileptic Seizures
Chapter 15 Liver and Kidney Pathophysiology
Normal Liver, Pancreatic, and Renal Function
Hepatobiliary Pathologies
Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Liver tumors
Gallstones
Renal Pathologies
Renal Vascular Disorders
Kidney stones
Renal failure
Renal tumors
Chapter 16 Endocrine Pathophysiology
Anatomy and Physiology of the Endocrine System
Thyroid Pathologies
Adrenal Pathologies
Testosterone and Exercise
Pancreatic Pathologies
Metabolic Disease and Diabetes
Treatment in Diabetes Mellitus
Exercise and Diabetes
Abnormal functioning of the Pituitary and Parathyroid Glands
Chapter 17 Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances
Fluid Imbalance
Electrolyte Imbalances
Disturbances of Acid–Base Balance
Fluid and Electrolyte Needs and Exercise
Chapter 18 Pain and Trauma
The Physiological Basis for Pain
Factors Affecting Traumatic Injury
Wound Classification
Pain Management
Dr. W. Jeffrey Armstrong is a Professor in Health and Exercise Science at Western Oregon University. He has a master’s degree in Exercise Physiology from West Virginia University (1986) and a Ph.D. in Exercise Physiology with a minor in Anatomy from the University of Toledo and the Medical College of Ohio (1998). His teaching focus is exercise physiology, sport and fitness training and performance, and, of course, pathophysiology and exercise. In addition to academics, Dr. Armstrong has worked in the field of exercise in positions ranging from personal training to corporate fitness to sports performance training. He has a special interest in the role of exercise in disease prevention and care, longevity, and successful aging. He currently hosts The Aging Well Podcast with a former student (Corbin Bruton), coaches Strength and Conditioning for his son’s high school wrestling team, and weight training and exercising for his own health and longevity.