Personality Psychology: Foundations and Findings
Edition: 2
Copyright: 2018
Pages: 550
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Written with an approachable, story-telling style, and grounded in current research, Personality Psychology: Foundations and Findings is an evidence-based text with integrated cultural references and the key building blocks of the subject matter: traits, the self, genetics, neuroscience, intrapsychic foundations, motivation and regulation, and cognition.
The book includes two mini-chapters to help students integrate across these foundations. Each chapter includes a self-assessment and a special Research Methods Illustrated section.
Chapter topics include:
- Who Are We? Understanding the Building Blocks of Personality Genetics
- The Neuroscience of Personality
- Personality Traits: A Good Theory
- Personality Traits: Practical Matters
- Personality Assessment
- Self and Identity
- Intrapsychic Foundations of Personality
- Self-Determination Theory
- Cognitive Foundations of Personality
- Gender and Personality
- Sexual Orientation: An Integrative Mini-Chapter
- Resilience: An Integrative Mini-Chapter
Supplemental materials include an instructor's manual written by the author.
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1 Who are we? Understanding the Building Blocks of Personality
What is Personality Psychology?
The Building Blocks of Personality
Putting It All Together: Integration
Organization of This Book
How Do Psychologists Study Personality?
The Scientific Method
Observational Studies and Personality Questionnaires
Correlational and Experimental Designs
Research Methods Illustrated: A True Experiment
Types of Data and Personality Assessment
Then and Now: The Ethics of Research With People
Science or Science Fiction? A Brief Introduction to Current Research Findings in Personality Psychology
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 2 Personality Traits: A Good Theory
What is a Personality Trait?
Two Approaches to the Study of Personality Traits
What Do We Know About Personality From the Idiographic Approach?
Studying Individual Personalities: The Idiographic Approach
The Idiographic Approach Applied: The Case of Jenny
What Do We Know About Personality From the Nomothetic Approach?
Finding Universals: The Nomothetic Approach
Research Methods Illustrated: Factor Analysis
The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality
Three Superfactors: Eysenck
Five Factors: The Big Five and the Five-Factor Model
A One-Factor Solution
Six-and-Seven-Factor Solutions…and Beyond!
Then and Now: The Four Temperaments and The Five Factors
The Personality of Everyday Life: What Can You Tell About Someone From His or Her Living Space?
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 3 Personality Traits: Practical Matters
What’s Missing From the Five Factors?
Is Intelligence a Personality Trait?
Is Religiosity a Personality Trait?
Is Sexuality a Personality Trait?
Indigenous Personality: Unique Personality Traits?
The Five Factors in Other Cultures
Personality Traits Cross-Culturally: Personality Traits in China
Research Methods Illustrated: Triangulation and Types of Data
Expression of Traits in Everyday Life
Personality Traits and Presidents
Music Preferences and Personality Traits
Web Pages and Personality Traits
Careers and Personality Traits
The Personality of Everyday Life: What Does Your Online Presence Say About Your Personality
Personality Development Over the Lifespan: Continuity, Change, and Coherence
How Consistent Are People Over Time?
How Much Do People Change in General?
How and Why Do Individuals Develop in Their Own Particular Ways?
Where Does Adult Personality Come From?
Then and Now: The Grant Study of Harvard Graduates
Personality Traits: Theoretical and Practical Conclusions
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 4 Personality Assessment
What Makes a Good Personality Test?
Test Reliability: Generalizability Across Time, Items, and Raters
Test Validity
Test Generalizability
Research Methods Illustrated: Is the NEO-PI-R a Good Personality Test?
Does the NEO-PI-R Have Reliability?}
Does the NEO-PI-R Have Validity?
Does the NEO-PI-R Have Test Generalizability?
Personality Tests
Types and Formats of Personality Tests
Response Sets
Personality Tests and Selection
Integrity Testing
Success Stories
Legal Issues
The Personality of Everyday Life: What Can They Ask You on a Job Interview?
Then and Now: Personality Assessment and Matchmaking
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 5 Self and Identity
Self-Concept
How Does the Self-Concept Develop?
Impact of Culture on Self-Concepts
Possible Selves
Then and Now: The Self
Self-Esteem
Self-Esteem Level
Self-Esteem Stability
Self-Concept Clarity
The Personality of Everyday Life: Shooting Yourself in the Foot to Protect Your Self-Esteem
Life Outcomes of High and Low Self-Esteem: Myths and Realities
Research Methods Illustrated: Qualitative Data and Content Analysis
Social Identity
Self-Presentation
Self-Monitoring
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 6 Genetics
Nature and Nurture as Allies
Genes and Environment as Co-Actors
Heritability
Environmentality
Shared and Nonshared Environments
Estimating Heritability
Research Methods Illustrated: Correlational Designs I: The Logic of Adoption and Twin Studies
Heritability of Common Personality Characteristics
Then and Now: The Science of Genetics
Genes and Environment: A Dialectical Synthesis
Genotype-Environment Interactions
Genotype-Environment Correlations
The Personality of Everyday Life: What Can Genetics Research Do For Us?
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 7 The Neuroscience of Personality
What is Neuroscience and How Do We Study It?
Bodily Responses
Brain Structure
Brain Activity
Biochemical Activity
Research Methods Illustrated: Correlational Designs II: Scatterplots, Correlations, and the Alleged “Voodoo Science” of fMRI Studies
Neurological Theories of Personality
Eysenck’s PEN Model
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST)
The Personality of Everyday Life: Personality and the Guessing Penalty
Then and Now: Phrenology, The New Phrenology, and the Future of Neuroimaging for Personality and Beyond
Neurological Correlates of Personality
Extraversion and Neuroticism
Impulsivity and Sensation-Seeking
Conclusion: What Have We Learned From the Neuroscience of Personality
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 8 Intrapsychic Foundations of Personality
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis
Background
Then and Now: The Word Association Test and the Implicit Attitudes Test
Freud’s View of Personality: The Structural and Topographic Models
Anxiety and the Defense Mechanisms
Psychosexual Stages
Research Methods Illustrated: Case Study and Psychobiography
Psychodynamic Theory Since Freud
Attachment Theory
Brief History
The Personality of Everyday Life: Taking the Trauma Out of a Hospital Stay
Attachment Patterns for Life?
Attachment Styles in Adulthood
Attachment and Adult Personality Functioning
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 9 Regulation and Motivation: Self-Determination Theory
Three Fundamental Psychological Needs
How Do We Satisfy These Needs?
Fostering Autonomy: Autonomy Support
Fostering Competence: Structure and Optimal Challenge
Fostering Relatedness: Involvement
The Personality of Everyday Life: Relatedness in College Students
Then and Now: Undermining Intrinsic Interest
Connections Between Self-Determination Theory and Other Theories in Personality
Autonomy and Locus of Causality
Competence and Self-Efficacy Theory
Relatedness and Attachment Theory
Research Methods Illustrated: Path Analysis
What it Means to Be Self-Regulated
Types of Motivation
Causality Orientations
Self-Determination Theory Applied
Health Behaviors
Sports Behaviors
Work Behaviors
The Pursuit of Happiness
The Tai Bo Study Revisited
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 10 Cognitive Foundations of Personality
Locus of Control
Measures of Locus of Control
Locus of Control and Achievement
Locus of Control and Work Behavior
Locus of Control and Physical and Psychological Health
Locus of Control Social Behavior
Cultural Differences in Locus of Control
Then and Now: Locus of Control
Learned Helplessness
Explanatory Style
Measures of Explanatory Style
Explanatory Style and Achievement
Explanatory Style and Work Behavior
Explanatory Style and Physical and Psychological Health
Explanatory Style and Social Behavior
Cultural Differences in Explanatory Style
Research Methods Illustrated: Field Studies and Natural Manipulations
Dispositional Optimism
Measures of Dispositional Optimism
Dispositional Optimism and Coping
The Personality of Everyday Life: Making People More Optimistic
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 11 Gender and Personality
Beliefs About Personality Similarities and Differences Between Men and Women
Research Methods Illustrated: Effect Size and Meta-Analysis
Personality Differences Between Men and Women: Fact or Fiction?
Gender Similarities and Differences in the Five-Factor Model
Gender Differences in Other Aspects of Personality and Social Behavior
Gender Differences? It Depends
What Causes Gender Differences?
Evolution
Social Context
Social Role Theory
Social Construction
Biopsychosocial Model
The Personality of Everyday Life: Gendered Beliefs About Personality: What Difference Does it Make?
Then and Now: Definitions and Assessment of Gender
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 12 Sexual Orientation: An Integrative Mini-Chapter
Myths and Misperceptions About Sexual Orientation
The Personality of Everyday Life: The Heteronormativity of American Life
What is Sexual Orientation?
How Many People Are Gay, Lesbian, Straight, Or Bisexual?
What Determines Sexual Orientation?
Biological Explanations of Sexual Orientation
Environmental Theories
Interactionist Theories
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 13 Resilience: An Integrative Mini-Chapter
What is Resilience?
Characteristics of Resilient People
Hardiness: Control, Commitment, and Challenge
Trait Resilience
Positive Emotions
The Seven Habits of Highly Resilient People
The Personality of Everyday Life: Who is Happy?
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
Appendices:
Research Methods
Glossary
Name Index
Subject Index
References
Dr. Marianne Miserandino received her B.A. in psychology from the University of Rochester and a Ph.D. in Social-Personality Psychology from Cornell University. She completed a post-doctoral fellowship in human motivation at the University of Rochester.
She is a fellow of the American Psychological Association, and a member of the Association for Psychological Science, the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, the Society for the Teaching of Psychology, Sigma XI - The Scientific Research Society, the Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi, and has served on the American Psychological Association Division Two Task Force for Minority Issues.
She is the 2010 winner of the Robert S. Daniel Teaching Excellence Award, Four-Year Colleges and Universities, from the Society for the Teaching of Psychology (Division 2 of the American Psychological Association).
Written with an approachable, story-telling style, and grounded in current research, Personality Psychology: Foundations and Findings is an evidence-based text with integrated cultural references and the key building blocks of the subject matter: traits, the self, genetics, neuroscience, intrapsychic foundations, motivation and regulation, and cognition.
The book includes two mini-chapters to help students integrate across these foundations. Each chapter includes a self-assessment and a special Research Methods Illustrated section.
Chapter topics include:
- Who Are We? Understanding the Building Blocks of Personality Genetics
- The Neuroscience of Personality
- Personality Traits: A Good Theory
- Personality Traits: Practical Matters
- Personality Assessment
- Self and Identity
- Intrapsychic Foundations of Personality
- Self-Determination Theory
- Cognitive Foundations of Personality
- Gender and Personality
- Sexual Orientation: An Integrative Mini-Chapter
- Resilience: An Integrative Mini-Chapter
Supplemental materials include an instructor's manual written by the author.
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1 Who are we? Understanding the Building Blocks of Personality
What is Personality Psychology?
The Building Blocks of Personality
Putting It All Together: Integration
Organization of This Book
How Do Psychologists Study Personality?
The Scientific Method
Observational Studies and Personality Questionnaires
Correlational and Experimental Designs
Research Methods Illustrated: A True Experiment
Types of Data and Personality Assessment
Then and Now: The Ethics of Research With People
Science or Science Fiction? A Brief Introduction to Current Research Findings in Personality Psychology
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 2 Personality Traits: A Good Theory
What is a Personality Trait?
Two Approaches to the Study of Personality Traits
What Do We Know About Personality From the Idiographic Approach?
Studying Individual Personalities: The Idiographic Approach
The Idiographic Approach Applied: The Case of Jenny
What Do We Know About Personality From the Nomothetic Approach?
Finding Universals: The Nomothetic Approach
Research Methods Illustrated: Factor Analysis
The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality
Three Superfactors: Eysenck
Five Factors: The Big Five and the Five-Factor Model
A One-Factor Solution
Six-and-Seven-Factor Solutions…and Beyond!
Then and Now: The Four Temperaments and The Five Factors
The Personality of Everyday Life: What Can You Tell About Someone From His or Her Living Space?
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 3 Personality Traits: Practical Matters
What’s Missing From the Five Factors?
Is Intelligence a Personality Trait?
Is Religiosity a Personality Trait?
Is Sexuality a Personality Trait?
Indigenous Personality: Unique Personality Traits?
The Five Factors in Other Cultures
Personality Traits Cross-Culturally: Personality Traits in China
Research Methods Illustrated: Triangulation and Types of Data
Expression of Traits in Everyday Life
Personality Traits and Presidents
Music Preferences and Personality Traits
Web Pages and Personality Traits
Careers and Personality Traits
The Personality of Everyday Life: What Does Your Online Presence Say About Your Personality
Personality Development Over the Lifespan: Continuity, Change, and Coherence
How Consistent Are People Over Time?
How Much Do People Change in General?
How and Why Do Individuals Develop in Their Own Particular Ways?
Where Does Adult Personality Come From?
Then and Now: The Grant Study of Harvard Graduates
Personality Traits: Theoretical and Practical Conclusions
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 4 Personality Assessment
What Makes a Good Personality Test?
Test Reliability: Generalizability Across Time, Items, and Raters
Test Validity
Test Generalizability
Research Methods Illustrated: Is the NEO-PI-R a Good Personality Test?
Does the NEO-PI-R Have Reliability?}
Does the NEO-PI-R Have Validity?
Does the NEO-PI-R Have Test Generalizability?
Personality Tests
Types and Formats of Personality Tests
Response Sets
Personality Tests and Selection
Integrity Testing
Success Stories
Legal Issues
The Personality of Everyday Life: What Can They Ask You on a Job Interview?
Then and Now: Personality Assessment and Matchmaking
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 5 Self and Identity
Self-Concept
How Does the Self-Concept Develop?
Impact of Culture on Self-Concepts
Possible Selves
Then and Now: The Self
Self-Esteem
Self-Esteem Level
Self-Esteem Stability
Self-Concept Clarity
The Personality of Everyday Life: Shooting Yourself in the Foot to Protect Your Self-Esteem
Life Outcomes of High and Low Self-Esteem: Myths and Realities
Research Methods Illustrated: Qualitative Data and Content Analysis
Social Identity
Self-Presentation
Self-Monitoring
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 6 Genetics
Nature and Nurture as Allies
Genes and Environment as Co-Actors
Heritability
Environmentality
Shared and Nonshared Environments
Estimating Heritability
Research Methods Illustrated: Correlational Designs I: The Logic of Adoption and Twin Studies
Heritability of Common Personality Characteristics
Then and Now: The Science of Genetics
Genes and Environment: A Dialectical Synthesis
Genotype-Environment Interactions
Genotype-Environment Correlations
The Personality of Everyday Life: What Can Genetics Research Do For Us?
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 7 The Neuroscience of Personality
What is Neuroscience and How Do We Study It?
Bodily Responses
Brain Structure
Brain Activity
Biochemical Activity
Research Methods Illustrated: Correlational Designs II: Scatterplots, Correlations, and the Alleged “Voodoo Science” of fMRI Studies
Neurological Theories of Personality
Eysenck’s PEN Model
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST)
The Personality of Everyday Life: Personality and the Guessing Penalty
Then and Now: Phrenology, The New Phrenology, and the Future of Neuroimaging for Personality and Beyond
Neurological Correlates of Personality
Extraversion and Neuroticism
Impulsivity and Sensation-Seeking
Conclusion: What Have We Learned From the Neuroscience of Personality
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 8 Intrapsychic Foundations of Personality
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis
Background
Then and Now: The Word Association Test and the Implicit Attitudes Test
Freud’s View of Personality: The Structural and Topographic Models
Anxiety and the Defense Mechanisms
Psychosexual Stages
Research Methods Illustrated: Case Study and Psychobiography
Psychodynamic Theory Since Freud
Attachment Theory
Brief History
The Personality of Everyday Life: Taking the Trauma Out of a Hospital Stay
Attachment Patterns for Life?
Attachment Styles in Adulthood
Attachment and Adult Personality Functioning
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 9 Regulation and Motivation: Self-Determination Theory
Three Fundamental Psychological Needs
How Do We Satisfy These Needs?
Fostering Autonomy: Autonomy Support
Fostering Competence: Structure and Optimal Challenge
Fostering Relatedness: Involvement
The Personality of Everyday Life: Relatedness in College Students
Then and Now: Undermining Intrinsic Interest
Connections Between Self-Determination Theory and Other Theories in Personality
Autonomy and Locus of Causality
Competence and Self-Efficacy Theory
Relatedness and Attachment Theory
Research Methods Illustrated: Path Analysis
What it Means to Be Self-Regulated
Types of Motivation
Causality Orientations
Self-Determination Theory Applied
Health Behaviors
Sports Behaviors
Work Behaviors
The Pursuit of Happiness
The Tai Bo Study Revisited
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 10 Cognitive Foundations of Personality
Locus of Control
Measures of Locus of Control
Locus of Control and Achievement
Locus of Control and Work Behavior
Locus of Control and Physical and Psychological Health
Locus of Control Social Behavior
Cultural Differences in Locus of Control
Then and Now: Locus of Control
Learned Helplessness
Explanatory Style
Measures of Explanatory Style
Explanatory Style and Achievement
Explanatory Style and Work Behavior
Explanatory Style and Physical and Psychological Health
Explanatory Style and Social Behavior
Cultural Differences in Explanatory Style
Research Methods Illustrated: Field Studies and Natural Manipulations
Dispositional Optimism
Measures of Dispositional Optimism
Dispositional Optimism and Coping
The Personality of Everyday Life: Making People More Optimistic
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 11 Gender and Personality
Beliefs About Personality Similarities and Differences Between Men and Women
Research Methods Illustrated: Effect Size and Meta-Analysis
Personality Differences Between Men and Women: Fact or Fiction?
Gender Similarities and Differences in the Five-Factor Model
Gender Differences in Other Aspects of Personality and Social Behavior
Gender Differences? It Depends
What Causes Gender Differences?
Evolution
Social Context
Social Role Theory
Social Construction
Biopsychosocial Model
The Personality of Everyday Life: Gendered Beliefs About Personality: What Difference Does it Make?
Then and Now: Definitions and Assessment of Gender
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 12 Sexual Orientation: An Integrative Mini-Chapter
Myths and Misperceptions About Sexual Orientation
The Personality of Everyday Life: The Heteronormativity of American Life
What is Sexual Orientation?
How Many People Are Gay, Lesbian, Straight, Or Bisexual?
What Determines Sexual Orientation?
Biological Explanations of Sexual Orientation
Environmental Theories
Interactionist Theories
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 13 Resilience: An Integrative Mini-Chapter
What is Resilience?
Characteristics of Resilient People
Hardiness: Control, Commitment, and Challenge
Trait Resilience
Positive Emotions
The Seven Habits of Highly Resilient People
The Personality of Everyday Life: Who is Happy?
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Key Terms
Appendices:
Research Methods
Glossary
Name Index
Subject Index
References
Dr. Marianne Miserandino received her B.A. in psychology from the University of Rochester and a Ph.D. in Social-Personality Psychology from Cornell University. She completed a post-doctoral fellowship in human motivation at the University of Rochester.
She is a fellow of the American Psychological Association, and a member of the Association for Psychological Science, the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, the Society for the Teaching of Psychology, Sigma XI - The Scientific Research Society, the Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi, and has served on the American Psychological Association Division Two Task Force for Minority Issues.
She is the 2010 winner of the Robert S. Daniel Teaching Excellence Award, Four-Year Colleges and Universities, from the Society for the Teaching of Psychology (Division 2 of the American Psychological Association).