Policing for the 21st Century: Putting Theory into Practice

Introduction

Chapter 1 Police and Community
Training New Recruits
The Push for College-Educated Officers
Does a College Degree Make a Difference?
Minimum Education Requirements
How Many Cops Have a College Degree? 
Community Policing and Organizational Change 
The Job of Police Officer: Fact Versus Fiction 
Police Coercion and the Use of Force 
       Understanding Why the Police Use Force 
       The Reasonableness of Force
       Nature and Extent of Use of Force
       Title 42 United States Code, Section 14142: Data on Use of Excessive Force 
       1960s Crime & Race Riots
       Research and Education 
       Attempts to Diversify 
Police Deviance 
Police Subculture 
References

Chapter 2 Formation of Officers 
The Extent and Impact of Diversity in Law Enforcement
The Effectiveness of Female and Minority Officers
       Early Police Experiments
       Intellectual Debates
       Metropolitan Police
        “Peel’s” Principles of Policing
       19th Century Transition to Modern Policing 
The Reform Era, 1920s–1980s
       Key Reformers 
Overview
Effect of Police Behavior on Citizen Cooperation 
       Key Concepts: Legitimacy and Procedural Justice 
       Biased Policing
Life, Liberty, and Property
References

Chapter 3 Different Roles within Policing 
Democratic Policing: What Is It?
Gathering Information 
       Sources of Information
Intelligence-led Policing
Crime Analysis
       Levels of Analysis
       Information Dissemination
       The Analytic Process
       Types of Analysis
Predictive Policing
Policing Persons with Mental Illness
       Police Response 
Basic Functions
       Law Enforcement (AKA Crime Control)
       Order Maintenance
Public Expectations of Police 
Public Perceptions of Police Performance
Liberty as the Core Organizing Principle of Policing: The Intelligent Use of Coercion Democratic Policing—The Demand for Transparency and Accountability 
Intelligence-Led Policing—Incorporating ILP Throughout the Agency
References

Chapter 4 Patroling 
Patrol Practices 
       Patrol Personnel Deployment: Beats
       Patrol Personnel Deployment: Shifts 
       Types of Patrol
Managing Calls for Service 
       Resources 
Research on Patrol Practices
       Rapid Response to Incidents
       Two Officers Versus One
       Foot Patrol
       Preventative Patrol
       Targeted Patrol Practices
Special Patrols
Compstat
       The Components 
       The Process 
       Is it Effective?
       Problems with Compstat 
Real Time Crime Centers
Regional Intelligence Centers
References

Chapter 5 Aspects of the Job 
Overview
Decentralized, Fragmented, and Local 
Who Is an “Officer,” and What Is an “Agency”? 
State and Local Agencies
       Local Police Departments
       Sheriffs’ Offices 
       Primary State Agencies
Police Stress
The Reality of Lived Experience vs. the Statistical Reality 
Policing Persons Experiencing Homelessness
       Police Concerns
References

Chapter 6 Issues in Policing 
       The Politics
       The Job
       Technological Innovations 
       Early Efforts to Reform
Policing Juveniles
What are the Correlates of Police Discretion?
       Starting with the Big Picture: Common Criminal Justice Decision Correlates
Police Discretion Correlates: Context, Individual, Situation, Organization, and Political Values
       Context 
       Individual 
       Situation 
       Organization
Political Values and Policy 
Controlled Discretion
References

Chapter 7 Evidence
Special Functions and Units 
Multi-Jurisdictional Task Forces (MJTFs)
Police Paramilitary Units
       Traffic Function
       Preliminary Investigation 
       Secondary Investigation 
Evidence—The Key to Solving Crimes
       Types of Evidence 
       Internal Investigations
       Disciplinary Action 
External Mechanisms
       Varieties of Police Deviance 
Police Integrity
       Explaining Police Deviance 
References

Chapter 8 Solving Problems 
The Community Problem Solving Era, 1980s–2000s 
       Rhetoric Versus Reality
       What Other Experts Say
       Our Rationale 
       The Intelligence Era, 2000s–Present
       Focus on Homeland Security and Intelligence Gathering and Sharing 
       Evidence-Based and Intelligence-Led Policing Strategies
       Increased Police Accountability and a Shift Toward Democratic Policing
Community-Oriented Policing
       Legal Rules Governing Evidence
       Problem-Oriented Policing
References

Chapter 9 Investigation
Science—Evaluating the Evidence
Service 
History of Investigations
       1850s–1920s: The Secretive Rogue 
       1890s–1950s: The Inquisitor
       1950s–Present: The Highly Skilled Professional
The Detective Unit
The Investigative Process
Evidence-Based Policing
       A Summary of the Evidence on Policing Practices 
       Effectiveness and Equity 
References

Chapter 10 Suspects 
Policing Gangs
       Gang Prevalence
       Demographics of Gang Members 
       Risk Factors for Gang Membership 
       Gang Crime 
       Police Response to Gang Crime
Interviews
       Information-Gathering Approach
       How successful are investigators?
References

Chapter 11 Interrogation Reliability
Social and Population Trends 
Complaining about the Police
       Typical Suspect Interrogations in the Us
       Legal Rules Governing Police Questioning 
       Research on Effective Interrogations 
       The Problem of False Confessions
       Practices that Lead to False Confessions 
       Practices that Reduce False Confessions 
Law Enforcement’s Commitment to Reduce Wrongful Convictions
References

Chapter 12 Making a Difference
Broken Windows Policing 
Operational Methods 
       Place-Based Strategies 
       Offender-Based Strategies
Partnerships: New and Re-Envisioned
Technology and Community Policing: Changing the Co-production of Crime Control
Technology: Improving Communication for First Responders
Technology and Investigations: Spotlight on Evidence Collection and Analysis
Technology: New Tools for Patrol Officers and Supervisors 
       The Promise and Challenge of Video Cameras
References