Psychological Thoughts: From Antiquity to Modern Times
Edition: 1
Copyright: 2021
Pages: 292
Edition: 1
Copyright: 2021
Pages: 292
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The domain of psychology is shared with medicine, anthropology, philosophy and literature. Analyzing the human mind at various levels: molecular, biological, social, phenomenological and spiritual, involves different methods and conceptualizations. Nomothetic approach (in theoretical and experimental studies) provides a generalized view of the human being, while the idiographic approach (assumed by clinical psychologist, novelists or filmmakers) offers a description of a unique person. Considering the complexity of the human mind, all these levels of analysis and approaches are needed and complementary. The human mind integrates what is bodily and spiritual, personal and collective, temporal and eternal. No animal, no artificial intelligence or robot can do it.
Psychological thoughts evolve through millennia, including mythic, religious, social, philosophical and medical components. Psychology did not start in ancient Greece, thus the book covers the historical periods beyond what typical textbooks present. The Neolithic humans had the same intelligence and capacity of reflection as the modern Homo sapiens. Lack of written documents from the pre-historic times is not proof of the ignorance of the human ancestors, but rather ours.
The book is addressed to student of psychology, professional psychologists, psychiatrists, psychotherapists, physicians, social workers, nurses and a broad intellectual audience.
Gratitude
Introduction
Chapter 1 Terminological and Methodological Considerations
Psychological Thoughts, Concepts, and Mentality
Is the Historical Overview Worthy of Attention?
History and Its Interpretations
Zeitgeist/Ortgeist Versus the Special Person Perspective
History of the Term “Psychology” in Writings
Philosophical Inquiry
Scientific Inquiry
Domains and Questions That Psychology and Philosophy Share
Ontology
Ontological Monism
Ontological Pluralism
Epistemology
The Ethics
Chapter 2 Anthropomorphic, Magic, and Animist Beliefs: Prehistoric Australia and Europe
Hypothetical Timeline: Prehistoric and Historic Periods
Paleolithic and Mesolithic Human Communities
The Old and New Understandings of Mental Mechanisms
Anthropomorphic Understanding
Animistic Understanding
Magic Understanding
Religious Understanding
Belief in the Afterlife
Chapter 3 Mythical, Religious Views on the Human Soul, Free Will, and Personal Responsibility:Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, Crete, and Preclassic Greece
Early Civilizations
Mesopotamian Civilizations
The Sumerians
Sumerian and Babylonian Polytheism
The Ancient Hebrews
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Persia
Ancient Crete and Preclassic Greece
The Mycenaeans from Peloponnesus
Greek Mythology
Chapter 4 Ethos and Cosmic Harmony: Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Shinto, and Hinduism: Ancient China, Korea, Japan, and India
Major Philosophies or Religions in the Ancient Orient
Confucianism: Confucius
Taoism: Lao-Zhi (Lao-Tzu)
Buddhism: Siddhartha Gautama
Shintoism
Hinduism
Chapter 5 Pre-Socratic Greek Philosophers: Cosmologists, Biologists, and Mathematicians
The Cosmologists (The Physicists): Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, and Heraclitus
The Atomists: Leucippus and Democritus
The Biologists: Empedocles, Alcmaeon, and Hippocrates
The Mathematicians: Thales and Pythagoras
Pythagoras of Samos
Chapter 6 Human Soul and Conduct: The Sophists, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
Relative Versus Absolute Truth
Parmenides of Elea
The Sophists: Gorgias and Protagoras
Socrates
Plato
The Psyche
Aristotle
Vegetative, Animal and Human Soul
Sensation
Common Sense: Recognition and Memory
Motivation and Ethics
Chapter 7 Hellenization and the Roman Civilization: Greco-Roman Philosophies of Ataraxia: Cynicism, Skepticism, Epicureanism, and Stoicism
Hellenization
The Roman Civilization
Philosophies of Ataraxia
Cynicism
Skepticism
Epicureanism
Stoicism
Chapter 8 New Millennium and New Mentality Based on Greek Philosophy, Roman Law and Christian Faith
A New Millennium: The Birth of Jesus
St. Paul
Roman Medicus Claudius Galenus
Neo-Platonism: Plotinus
St. Augustine
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Chapter 9 Medieval Civilization: Carolingian Culture, Allocentrism, and Spirituality. Rise of Public Schools and Universities
Political, Social, and Artistic Events in the Middle Ages
Struggles for Survival
The Carolingian Renaissance
Monasterial Movement
Epidemic and Pandemic Crises in Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe
The Crusades
Gothic Architecture
From Ancient Schools to Medieval Universities
The Psychology of Avicenna
Maimonides
Pierre Abélard
Roger Bacon
Albertus Magnus
St. Thomas Aquinas
Chapter 10 Renaissance of Greco-Roman Arts and Hedonism: Egocentrism, Materialism, Demoralization, Inquisition and Reformation
Transformation of the Zeitgeist: Sociopolitical Background
Renaissance Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Music, and Literature
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Raphael Santi
Sandro Botticelli
Flemish Painters of the Renaissance and Baroque
Architecture
Music
Literature
Commerce, Navigation, and Conquest
Developments in Medicine and Pharmacology
Inquisition
Reformation: Martin Luther
The Copernican Revolution: Nicolaus Copernicus
The Post-Renaissance and Baroque Period
Galileo Galilei
Psychologically Insightful Literature: William Shakespeare and Miguel de Cervantes
Management and Support for Science in the Post-Renaissance Period: Francis Bacon
Chapter 11 Naturalism, Scientific Revolution and Transformation of Mentality
The Zeitgeist of “Naturalism” and “Enlightenment”
Scientific, Medical and Technological Discoveries
Medical Discoveries
Transportation Tools
The History of Electricity
The Learned Societies
Rationalism Versus Empiricism
Developments in Music
Cartesian Philosophy and Psychology: René Descartes
Blaise Pascal
Cartesian-Newtonian Mechanical Worldview: Isaac Newton
Objective Empiricism and Associationism: John Locke, James Mill, and John Stuart Mill
Subjective Empiricism: George Berkeley and David Hume
Double Aspectism, Pantheism, and Rational Ethics: Benedict Baruch Spinoza
The Mind as a Coding System, Monadology: Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
The Developments in the German Region
Return of the Term “Psychology”: Christian von Wolff
German Rationalism: Immanuel Kant
Subconscious Processes: Johann Friedrich Herbart
Chapter 12 Psychometrics and Psychophysics : The Measurement of the Awareness, Cognitive Skills and Personality Traits
The Measurement of the Immeasurable
Sir Francis Galton—Grandfather of Modern Psychology
Alfred Binet
David Wechsler
The Factor-Analytical Approach to the Measurement of Mental Skills and Traits
The Factor-Analytical Approach to the Personality
Psychophysics
Ernst Heinrich Weber
Gustav Theodor Fechner
Chapter 13 Relevant Medical Observations and Discoveries in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
The Invention of Anesthetics and Tranquillizers
Nervous System Studies
The Autonomic Nervous System
The Hormonal System
Psychosomatic Medicine
The History of Studies of the Nerves, Neurons, and Neuronal Transmission
Chapter 14 Psychology as a Modern Science and Practical Profession
The Circumstances of the Birth of Modern Psychology
Wilhelm M. Wundt—The Father of Modern Psychology
Mind, Consciousness, and Volition
Anthropological, Cultural Psychology
Structuralism: Edward Titchener
Chapter 15 Pragmatism and Functionalism in Psychology
The Zeitgeist-Ortgeist of Colonization, Settlement, and Consolidation on the American Continent
The Factors Shaping the Settlers’ Mentality
Pragmatism
Functionalism
William James - The Father of American Psychology
James’s Major Concepts in Psychology
Comparison between William James and Wilhelm Wundt
Hugo Münsterberg: Applied Psychology
Granville Stanley Hall: Manager of Psychology
John Dewey: Educational Psychology
Robert S. Woodworth: Experimental Psychology
Chapter 16 Comparative Studies on Animals: Pavlovism and Behaviourism
Russian Reflexology and Pavlovism
Ivan Pavlov
Signal Generalization
Chaining of Conditioned Responses
Signal Differentiation (Discrimination)
Extinction
Radical Behaviourism: Reductionism
John Watson
Edward Thorndike
Burrhus Frederic Skinner
Clark Hull: Mathematic-Deductive Behaviourism
Chapter 17 Neobehaviourism: Social-Cognitive Theory of Selfhood
From Positivist Physicalism to Neopositivist Operationalism
Edward Tolman: Cognitive Behaviourism
Albert Bandura: Social-Cognitive Th eory of Selfhood
Social Learning
Modelling of Aggression in the Mass Media
Modelling in Psychotherapy
Some Quotations from Bandura’s Writings
The Significant Contributions of Albert Bandura
Chapter 18 Theories of Instincts in Psychoanalysis
William McDougall: Hormic Psychology
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
Instinct and Libido
Carl Gustav Jung: Analytical Psychology
Alfred Adler: Individual Psychology
Karen Danielson Horney: Neurosis in Psychoanalysis
Erich Fromm: Existential Psychoanalysis
Chapter 19 Existentialism, Phenomenology, and Humanistic Psychology
Existentialism
Søren Kierkegaard
Phenomenalism: Husserl, Heidegger, Binswanger, and Perls
The Third School: Humanistic-Existential or Rogerian Psychology
Abraham Maslow: Self-Actualization
Carl Rogers: Client-Centred Therapy and Counselling
Chapter 20 Historical Perspective on the Care, Promotion, and Legal Protection of Children
Views on Development and Childrearing in Ancient and Modern Times
The Culture, Mirrored in Childrearing
Parenting Styles
Baumrind’s Parenting Styles
A Brief History of the Legal Status and Protection of Children and Adolescents
Chapter 21 Quo Vadis, Modern Positive Psychology?
The Twentieth-Century Trends Carrying over into the Twenty-First Century
Computer Modelling and Robotics: Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience
Human Development, Personality, and Social Psychology
Buddhist, Hindu, and Christian Roots of Positive Psychology
Modern Positive Psychology
The Nomothetic Versus the Idiographic Approach
Fragmentation of the Domain and Its Interdisciplinary Character
References
Index