Purpose, Pattern, and Process
Edition: 12
Copyright: 2020
Pages: 502
Edition: 12
Copyright: 2020
Pages: 502
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Purpose, Pattern, and Process explores the processes writers engage in when they write. It focuses on how the purpose of the writing and the patterns of organization used to develop the content affect how those writing processes work. The organization and much of the content of this text is based on theories developed by James Kinneavy in A Theory of Discourse. This gives students a comprehensive theoretical framework that allows them to explore a variety of different kinds of writing in a systematic way and to make informed decisions about their own writing.
How Purpose, Pattern, and Process is organized:
- Introduction – defines the basic terminology used and shows how the three concepts are interconnected.
- Part I “Purpose” – covers four kinds of writing: expressive, literary, persuasive, and referential.
- Part II “Pattern” – covers the four basic patterns of organization: classification, description, narration, and evaluation.
- Part III “Process” – explains four necessary activities: getting ideas, creating details, focusing writing, and refining the language.
- Part IV “Additional Readings and Student Writing” – provides thirty selections that illustrate the principles discussed in the earlier parts of the book.
Purpose, Pattern, and Process includes ancillary materials available online:
- Content quizzes
- Additional materials for selected chapters
- Additional readings with discussion questions and writing assignments
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
Definitions and Characteristics
Expressive Writing
Literary Writing
Persuasive Writing
Referential Writing
Combinations and Distinctions
PATTERN
Definitions and Characteristics
Classification
Description
Narration
Evaluation
Combinations and Distinctions
PROCESS
Definitions and Characteristics
Ideas
Details
Focus
Refinement
Combinations and Distinctions
Purpose, Pattern, & Process
PART 1: PURPOSE
1: EXPRESSIVE WRITING
General Characteristics
Self-Definition
Emotional Responses
Expression of Values
Subjective Language
An Example—John Graves, “The Way”
Four Kinds of Expressive Writing
The Personal Perspective
An Example—Samuel Pepys, “Diary”
The Autobiographical Perspective
An Example—Jean Jacques Rousseau,
“The End of Childhood”
The Ritual Perspective
An Example—Benjamin Franklin, “The Last Will and Testament of Benjamin Franklin”
The Interpersonal Perspective
An Example—Georgia O’Keeffe, “Letter to Anita Pollitzer”
Combinations
Writing Strategies
2: LITERARY WRITING
General Characteristics
Theme and Artistic Unity
Tension
Versimilitude
Aesthetic Language
An Example—John Gardner, “An Interlude”.
Four Kinds of Literary Writing
The Expressive Approach
An Example—Lyman Grant, “Found Things”
The Imitative Approach
An Example—Joseph Conrad, “The Passage”
The Objective Approach
Contents
An Example— “Four Haiku”
The Pragmatic Approach
An Example—W. Joe Hoppe, “In the Palm of Your Hand”
Combinations
Writing Strategies
3: PERSUASIVE WRITING
General Characteristics
Claim
Support and Grounds
Warrant and Backing
Reader-Oriented Language
An Example—Anna Quindlen, “Death Penalty’s False Promise: An Eye for an Eye”
Four Kinds of Persuasive Writing
The Personal Appeal
An Example —Shirley Chisholm, “I’d Rather be Black than Female”
The Emotional Appeal
An Example—Jonathan Edwards, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”
The Rational Appeal
An Example—Barack Obama, “First Presidential Weekly Address”
The Stylistic Appeal
An Example—The Territory Ahead, “Crisscross Cord Shirt”
Combinations
Writing Strategies
An Outline for Persuasion
4: REFERENTIAL WRITING
General Characteristics
Thesis
Evidence
Validity
Topic-Oriented Language
An Example—John Muir, “Where the Sequoia Grows”
Four Kinds of Referential Writing
The Informative Focus
An Example—Sally Carrighar, “Ethology”
The Interpretive Focus
An Example—René Dubos, “The Roots of Altruism”
The Exploratory Focus
An Example—Adrienne LaFrance, “How Self-Driving Cars Will Threaten Privacy”
The Reflective Focus
An Example—Ryszard Kapuscinski, “The Lazy River”
Combinations
Writing Strategies
An Outline
PART 2: PATTERN
5: CLASSIFICATION
Formal Classification
An Example—Constance Holden, “‘Behavioral’ Addictions: Do They Exist?”
Variations in Formal Classification
Expressive Classification
An Example—Bertrand Russell, “Three Passions”
Literary Classification
An Example—Joseph Addison, “The Aims of the Spectator”
Persuasive Classification
An Example—John F. Kennedy, “Inaugural Address”
Referential Classification
An Example—Adam Smith, “The Four Employments for Capital”
Writing Strategies
Comparison and Contrast
Patterns of Comparison and Contrast
Separation of Detail
An Example—Ruth Benedict, “The Pueblos of New Mexico”
Alternation of Detail
An Example—Matthew Arnold, “Hebraism and Hellenism”
Analogy
An Example—Edward O. Wilson, “The Development of Human Behavior”
Variations in Comparison and Contrast
Expressive Comparison and Contrast
An Example—Mark Twain, “Two Ways of Viewing the River”.
Literary Comparison and Contrast
An Example—Samuel Johnson, “On Shakespeare”
Persuasive Comparison and Contrast
An Example—Gloria Steinem, “Erotica and Pornography”
Referential Comparison and Contrast
An Example—John Dryden, “Shakespeare and Jonson”
Writing Strategies
Definition
Kinds of Definitions
An Example—Witold Rybczynski, “A Definition of ‘Comfort’”
Writing Strategies
6: DESCRIPTION
Physical Description
Describing a Person
An Example—Thomas Carlyle, “Tennyson”
Describing a Place
An Example—Peter Matthiessen, “The Tree Where Man Was Born”
Describing a Thing
An Example—John Muir, “The Sequoia”
Variations in Physical Description
Expressive Description
An Example—Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Journal”
Literary Description
An Example—Charles Dickens, “Coketown”
Persuasive Description
An Example—The Territory Ahead, “Women’s Europa Jacket”
Referential Description
An Example—Henry James, “Chartres Cathedral”.
Writing Strategies
Division
The Structure of Division
An Example—Benjamin Franklin, “The Arduous Project of Arriving at Moral Perfection”
Writing Strategies
Analysis
The Structure of Analysis
An Example—Alan M. Dershowitz, “Shouting “Fire!”
Critical Analysis of Writing
Analysis of Expressive Writing
Analysis of Literary Writing
Analysis of Persuasive Writing
Analysis of Referential Writing
Writing Strategies
For Analysis
For Critical Analysis
7: NARRATION
Narration of Event
Narrative Cues
The Stages of a Narration of Event
Partial Narratives
The Narrator
An Example—Owen Wister, “The Virginian Does Some Roping”
Variations in Narration of Event
Expressive Narration of Event
An Example—Frederick Douglass, “How I Learned to Write”
Literary Narration of Event
An Example—Saki, “The Open Window”
Persuasive Narration of Event
An Example—Benjamin Franklin, “Seducing an Enemy”
Referential Narration of Event
An Example—Jack London, “The San Francisco Earthquake”
Writing Strategies
Narration of Process
Instructional Process
An Example—Herbert Benson, “The Relaxation Response”
Informational Process
An Example—Herbert Benson, “The Fight-or-Flight Response”.
Variations in Narration of Process
Expressive Narration of Process
An Example—Henry David Thoreau, “On Keeping a Journal”
Literary Narration of Process
An Example—Robert Benchley, “How I Create”
Persuasive Narration of Process
An Example—Ben Jonson, “On Style”
Referential Narration of Process
An Example—Caroline Sutton, “How Do They Count Populations of Animals?”
Writing Strategies
Cause and Effect
The Structure
An Example—Loren Eiseley, “How Flowers Changed the World”.
Variations in Cause and Effect
Expressive Cause and Effect
An Example—Eldridge Cleaver, “Higher Uneducation”
Literary Cause and Effect
An Example—Katherine Anne Porter, “The Necessary Enemy”
Persuasive Cause and Effect
An Example—Joseph Wood Krutch, “Conservation Is Not Enough”
Referential Cause and Effect
An Example—Frederick Jackson Turner, “American Intellectual Traits from the Frontier”
Writing Strategies
8: EVALUATION
Values
The Structure of Evaluation
The Subject Presented
The Judgment
The Criteria
The Evaluation Postulate
An Example—Nathaniel Hawthorne, “Lincoln”
Variations in Evaluation
Expressive Evaluation
An Example—Black Hawk, “Black Hawk’s Farewell Address”
Literary Evaluation
An Example—Mark Twain, “Advice to Youth”
Persuasive Evaluation
An Example—Robert Lane Greene,
“Which Is the Best Language to Learn?”
Referential Evaluation
An Example—Lauriat Lane, Jr., “Why ‘Huckleberry Finn’ Is a Great World Novel”.
Writing Strategies
PART 3: PROCESS
9: IDEAS
Free Association
Brainstorming
Listing
Mapping
Freewriting
The Journal
Research
Narrowing a Subject
An Example
10: DETAILS
Questions
Questions for Expressive Writing
Questions for Literary Writing
Questions for Persuasive Writing
Questions for Referential Writing
Journalistic Questions
Logical Questions
Questions about Categories
The Outline
Elaboration
Research
Print Sources
Interviews
Surveys
Credible Information
Misinformation and Disinformation
The Initial Draft
An Example
11: FOCUS
Clarity
Unity
Coherence
Transitions
Pronouns
Repetition
An Example
Research
Embedding the Quotation
Using Short Quotations
Using Long Quotations
Altering and Condensing Long Quotations
Paraphrasing
Intermediate Drafts
An Example
12: REFINEMENT
Style
Economy
Nouns
Modifiers
Verbs
Variety
Length
Sentence Structure
Mechanics, Grammar, and Usage
Sentences
Pronouns
You
Verbs
Research
Works Cited
PART 4: ADDITIONAL READINGS & STUDENT WRITING
13: ADDITIONAL READINGS
Social Processes and Relationships
Jane Addams, “The Hands of Poverty”
Writing Assignments
Mary Wollstonecraft, “The Rights of Women”
Writing Assignments
Simon Blanchard, “The Power of Merely Requesting a Favor”
Writing Assignments
The Individual and Identity
Henry David Thoreau, “Where I Have Lived, and What I Lived For”
Writing Assignments
Virginia Woolf, “On Androgyny”
Writing Assignments
Barbara Kantrowitz, “Life Without Gender?”
Writing Assignments
Education and Human Development
Thomas Henry Huxley, “A Liberal Education”
Writing Assignments
William James, “The Power of Habit”
Writing Assignments
Mary Schmich, “Advice, Like Youth, Probably Just Wasted on the Young”
Writing Assignments
History and Culture
G. K. Chesterton, “Patriotism and Sport”
Writing Assignments
N. Scott Momaday, “My Kiowa Grandmother”
Writing Assignments
David Stipp, “All Men Can’t Jump”
Writing Assignments
Economics and Business
Adam Smith, “The Employment of Capital”
Writing Assignments
Thorstein Veblen, “Conspicuous Consumption”
Writing Assignments
Mike Rose “Blue-Collar Brilliance”
Writing Assignments
Politics and Law
Ian Frazier, “Coyote vs. Acme”
Writing Assignments
Niccolò Machiavelli, “Concerning the Way in Which Princes Should Keep Faith”
Writing Assignments
Drew Weston, “How to Win an Election”
Writing Assignments
Language and the Arts
Guy De Maupassant, “The Realists”
Writing Assignments
Edgar Allan Poe, “The Heresy of the Didactic”
Writing Assignments
Renee DiResta and Tobias Rose-Stockwell, “How to Stop Misinformation Before it Gets Shared”
Writing Assignments
Nature and Other Habitats
William Kittredge, “The Mythology of the American West”
Writing Assignments
Robert Louis Stevenson, “The Woods and the Pacific”
Writing Assignments
William E. Rees, “Building More Sustainable Cities”
Writing Assignments
Science and Technology
Nicholas Carr, “Is Google Making Us Stupid?”
Writing Assignments
Samuel Scudder, “Look at Your Fish!”
Writing Assignments
Neil deGrasse Tyson, “By Any Other Name”
Writing Assignments
Philosophy and Religion
René Descartes, “Discourse Four”
Writing Assignments
Plato, “The Allegory of the Cave”
Writing Assignments
Karen Armstrong, “Metaphysical Mistake”
Writing Assignments
14: STUDENT WRITING
Janece Feather, “An Outstanding Selection for Austin Area Landscaper”
James Henderson, “Amsterdam”
Sarah Matthes, “Beauty Becomes the Beast”
Kim Krupp Pepe, “The House”
Marcia Salazar, “Crime Scene Investigations and Forensic Analysis”
Laura Scarborough, “The Ford”
Sarah Torres, “An Analysis of “On Androgyny”
Chris Woffenden, “A Rare Find”
CREDITS
INDEX