Race, Crime and Justice

Author(s): Robert III Bing

Edition: 2

Copyright: 2024

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Race, Crime and Justice is the culmination of many years of research and teaching on the subject. It includes seminal studies and current research findings. The text recognizes the influence of politics; it also examines the flawed policies and practices that contribute to the disparate treatment of minority group members. A solutions oriented text, Race, Crime, and Justice includes “Did you know?” scenarios and links to sites designed to inform and to provoke thought about the realities of race, crime, and justice.

DEDICATION 
BRIEF CONTENTS 
PREFACE 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

CHAPTER 1 THE WORLD OF RACE AND COLOR
Introduction 
Police Shootings  
Race, Ethnicity, and Crime 
Discrimination 
Disparity versus Discrimination 
Conclusion 
Key Terms 
Discussion Questions 
Internet Exercises 
References 

CHAPTER 2 CRIME RATES AND VICTIMIZATION: WHAT TO KNOW 
Introduction 
How is data counted? 
Another Look at UCR Data 
Who is the Typical Offender? 
When Men and Women Kill 
Crime by Geography 
Victimization 
Who are likely crime victims? 
Missing White Woman Syndrome 
African Americans 
Native American
Asian Americans 
Hispanic Americans 
White Americans. 
International Victimization 
Environmental Crime: Victimization of minority and rural communities. 
What are your thoughts about the politics of fear? 
Reducing Offending and Levels of Victimization 
Key Terms 
Discussion Questions 
Internet Exercises 
References 

CHAPTER 3 SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND INEQUALITY 
Introduction 
Inequality 
White Wealth 
Black Wealth 
Hispanic Wealth 
Asian American 
Wealth and Income 
Inheritance and Residential Isolation 
The Influence of William J. Wilson 
Capital 
Theoretical Applications 
Conclusion 
Key Terms 
Discussion Questions 
Internet Exercises 
References 

CHAPTER 4 LAW ENFORCEMENT AND RACE 
Introduction 
The historical influence and beyond 
Did you know? 
Policing minorities 
Racial Profiling 
Correlates to DWB 
What are the personal costs of profiling? 
Teaching Kids 
Police Use of Force 
The Non-Prosecution of Police Officers and the Blue Code? 
The Militarization of the Police 
Conclusion 
Key Terms 
Discussion Questions 
Internet Assignment 
References 

CHAPTER 5 THE COURT SYSTEM AND JUSTICE 
Introduction 
An overview 
Counsel and bail 
A look at bail: a snapshot 
Counsel Today 
Courtroom Workgroups 
Do Minority Judges Make a Difference? 
The Jury Pool 
Conclusion 
Key Terms 
Discussion Questions 
Internet Exercises 
References 

CHAPTER 6 IMAGES OF COLOR AND RACIALIZED JUSTICE 
Introduction 
Social Constructionism: Race and the Media 
Black Crime, White Crime, or Crime 
Driving While …  
Jury Selection 
Rape and Eyewitness Identification 
Conclusion 
Key Terms 
Discussion Questions 
Internet Exercises 
References 

CHAPTER 7 SENTENCING 
Introduction 
What is the status of sentencing in the United States? 
A look at the research 
The Issue of Bail 
Are Hispanics Treated Differently? 
Are Asian Americans treated differently? 
Are African Americans Treated Differently? 
Are Native Americans Treated Differently? 
Re-entry Issues 
The Influence of Michelle Alexander’s The New Jim Crow 
The Use of Fines 
Conclusion 
Key Terms 
Discussion Questions 
Internet Exercises 
References 

CHAPTER 8 CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
Introduction 
Early History 
Race and Capital Punishment 
Public Attitudes and the U.S. Supreme Court 
Wrongful Conviction 
The Marshall Hypothesis 
What is the future of capital punishment? 
Conclusion 
Key Terms 
Discussion Questions 
Internet Exercises 
References 

CHAPTER 9 CORRECTIONS 
Introduction 
Race and Gender 
Hispanics and Imprisonment 
Race and Gender 
The New Jim Crow 
A Look at Probation and Parole 
What about race and probation? 
Key findings 
Re-entry Issues 
Conclusion 
Key Terms 
Discussion Questions 
Internet Exercises 
References 

CHAPTER 10 JUVENILES, COLOR AND CRIME 
Introduction 
A Glimpse at the Juvenile Population 
Juveniles as Victims 
Juveniles as Offenders 
Police Encounters 
Intake Screening and Detention Decisions 
Counsel and Representation 
Justice by Geography 
Minority Groups as Offenders 
Court Decisions and Symbolic Threat 
Conclusion 
Key Terms 
Discussion Questions 
Web Assignments  
References 

EPILOGUE 
GLOSSARY 
INDEX

Robert III Bing

Robert L. Bing III holds a Ph.D. in Criminology from Florida State University and an undergraduate degree in Sociology from the College of the Holy Cross, located in Worcester, MA. He is first chair of the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, where he served for twelve years and again as Interim Chair in 2015 for one year. His research interest includes race, corrections, plea bargaining, crime and public policy, and criminal justice education. Prior to pursuing an academic career in criminal justice, Dr. Bing had served as Assistant Superintendent of Hillsborough House, a residential treatment facility for delinquent boys in Tampa Florida.

Dr. Bing has written over 35 refereed articles and or book chapters. He has coauthored a technical report for the federal government, co-edited a book titled Race and Crime, authored and edited Race, Crime and the Media (McGraw-Hill). He has also authored a textbook titled, Introduction to Criminal Justice: A Humanitarian Perspective (released 2016). Dr. Bing has also received numerous awards for his community service and involvement. Dr. Bing is a member of the European Society of Criminology, the American Society of Criminology, the Academy of Criminal Justice Services, and the Southwest Association of Criminal Justice. With respect to the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, he was a recent recipient of the Becky Tatum Excellence Award. Dr. Bing is former chair of the Section on Minorities and Women for the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences.

Dr. Bing is also former board member of Mothers Against Teen violence (MATV)—Project Rethink. As a board member he was instrumental in obtaining Michelle Alexander, Judge Gray and Carl Hart as banquet speakers for the organization. Dr. Bing continues to be active in the criminal justice community throughout the DFW metropolitan area, serving on the city of Arlington MLK Board, the Tarrant County Disproportionality and Disparities Advisory Committee, since 2012; he has also served on numerous ACJS executive committees.

Race, Crime and Justice is the culmination of many years of research and teaching on the subject. It includes seminal studies and current research findings. The text recognizes the influence of politics; it also examines the flawed policies and practices that contribute to the disparate treatment of minority group members. A solutions oriented text, Race, Crime, and Justice includes “Did you know?” scenarios and links to sites designed to inform and to provoke thought about the realities of race, crime, and justice.

DEDICATION 
BRIEF CONTENTS 
PREFACE 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

CHAPTER 1 THE WORLD OF RACE AND COLOR
Introduction 
Police Shootings  
Race, Ethnicity, and Crime 
Discrimination 
Disparity versus Discrimination 
Conclusion 
Key Terms 
Discussion Questions 
Internet Exercises 
References 

CHAPTER 2 CRIME RATES AND VICTIMIZATION: WHAT TO KNOW 
Introduction 
How is data counted? 
Another Look at UCR Data 
Who is the Typical Offender? 
When Men and Women Kill 
Crime by Geography 
Victimization 
Who are likely crime victims? 
Missing White Woman Syndrome 
African Americans 
Native American
Asian Americans 
Hispanic Americans 
White Americans. 
International Victimization 
Environmental Crime: Victimization of minority and rural communities. 
What are your thoughts about the politics of fear? 
Reducing Offending and Levels of Victimization 
Key Terms 
Discussion Questions 
Internet Exercises 
References 

CHAPTER 3 SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND INEQUALITY 
Introduction 
Inequality 
White Wealth 
Black Wealth 
Hispanic Wealth 
Asian American 
Wealth and Income 
Inheritance and Residential Isolation 
The Influence of William J. Wilson 
Capital 
Theoretical Applications 
Conclusion 
Key Terms 
Discussion Questions 
Internet Exercises 
References 

CHAPTER 4 LAW ENFORCEMENT AND RACE 
Introduction 
The historical influence and beyond 
Did you know? 
Policing minorities 
Racial Profiling 
Correlates to DWB 
What are the personal costs of profiling? 
Teaching Kids 
Police Use of Force 
The Non-Prosecution of Police Officers and the Blue Code? 
The Militarization of the Police 
Conclusion 
Key Terms 
Discussion Questions 
Internet Assignment 
References 

CHAPTER 5 THE COURT SYSTEM AND JUSTICE 
Introduction 
An overview 
Counsel and bail 
A look at bail: a snapshot 
Counsel Today 
Courtroom Workgroups 
Do Minority Judges Make a Difference? 
The Jury Pool 
Conclusion 
Key Terms 
Discussion Questions 
Internet Exercises 
References 

CHAPTER 6 IMAGES OF COLOR AND RACIALIZED JUSTICE 
Introduction 
Social Constructionism: Race and the Media 
Black Crime, White Crime, or Crime 
Driving While …  
Jury Selection 
Rape and Eyewitness Identification 
Conclusion 
Key Terms 
Discussion Questions 
Internet Exercises 
References 

CHAPTER 7 SENTENCING 
Introduction 
What is the status of sentencing in the United States? 
A look at the research 
The Issue of Bail 
Are Hispanics Treated Differently? 
Are Asian Americans treated differently? 
Are African Americans Treated Differently? 
Are Native Americans Treated Differently? 
Re-entry Issues 
The Influence of Michelle Alexander’s The New Jim Crow 
The Use of Fines 
Conclusion 
Key Terms 
Discussion Questions 
Internet Exercises 
References 

CHAPTER 8 CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
Introduction 
Early History 
Race and Capital Punishment 
Public Attitudes and the U.S. Supreme Court 
Wrongful Conviction 
The Marshall Hypothesis 
What is the future of capital punishment? 
Conclusion 
Key Terms 
Discussion Questions 
Internet Exercises 
References 

CHAPTER 9 CORRECTIONS 
Introduction 
Race and Gender 
Hispanics and Imprisonment 
Race and Gender 
The New Jim Crow 
A Look at Probation and Parole 
What about race and probation? 
Key findings 
Re-entry Issues 
Conclusion 
Key Terms 
Discussion Questions 
Internet Exercises 
References 

CHAPTER 10 JUVENILES, COLOR AND CRIME 
Introduction 
A Glimpse at the Juvenile Population 
Juveniles as Victims 
Juveniles as Offenders 
Police Encounters 
Intake Screening and Detention Decisions 
Counsel and Representation 
Justice by Geography 
Minority Groups as Offenders 
Court Decisions and Symbolic Threat 
Conclusion 
Key Terms 
Discussion Questions 
Web Assignments  
References 

EPILOGUE 
GLOSSARY 
INDEX

Robert III Bing

Robert L. Bing III holds a Ph.D. in Criminology from Florida State University and an undergraduate degree in Sociology from the College of the Holy Cross, located in Worcester, MA. He is first chair of the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, where he served for twelve years and again as Interim Chair in 2015 for one year. His research interest includes race, corrections, plea bargaining, crime and public policy, and criminal justice education. Prior to pursuing an academic career in criminal justice, Dr. Bing had served as Assistant Superintendent of Hillsborough House, a residential treatment facility for delinquent boys in Tampa Florida.

Dr. Bing has written over 35 refereed articles and or book chapters. He has coauthored a technical report for the federal government, co-edited a book titled Race and Crime, authored and edited Race, Crime and the Media (McGraw-Hill). He has also authored a textbook titled, Introduction to Criminal Justice: A Humanitarian Perspective (released 2016). Dr. Bing has also received numerous awards for his community service and involvement. Dr. Bing is a member of the European Society of Criminology, the American Society of Criminology, the Academy of Criminal Justice Services, and the Southwest Association of Criminal Justice. With respect to the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, he was a recent recipient of the Becky Tatum Excellence Award. Dr. Bing is former chair of the Section on Minorities and Women for the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences.

Dr. Bing is also former board member of Mothers Against Teen violence (MATV)—Project Rethink. As a board member he was instrumental in obtaining Michelle Alexander, Judge Gray and Carl Hart as banquet speakers for the organization. Dr. Bing continues to be active in the criminal justice community throughout the DFW metropolitan area, serving on the city of Arlington MLK Board, the Tarrant County Disproportionality and Disparities Advisory Committee, since 2012; he has also served on numerous ACJS executive committees.