Raising Our Voices, Communicating Our Existence
Edition: 1
Copyright: 2017
Edition: 1
Copyright: 2017
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Raising Our Voices provides complete and thorough coverage of the study and practice of public speaking, the seventh edition offers students theory and practical skills, presenting public speaking as an art form for transactional communication between speaker and audience.
The goal of this text is to make it one that will prepare students to become effective public speakers in any of the various speaking situations they may encounter in their lives. Whether they are presenting in a professional capacity, speaking as a community leader, offering a tribute to a retiring colleague, eulogizing a friend, delivering a commencement address, or sharing views as a concerned citizen, these and other public speaking situations will result in an effective message to the audience.
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
PART ONE – Public Speaking in Our Lives
Chapter 1 – Public Speaking: Essentials for Excellence
Public Speaking: Essentials for Excellence
Public Speaking Is a Valuable Activity
Public Speaking Influences Success in College
Public Speaking Teaches Critical Thinking Skills
Public Speaking Skills Influence Career and Community Success
Public Speaking Skills Are Key to Leadership
Public Speaking Skills Complement Technology
Public Speaking Is Part of Our Democratic Tradition
Public Speaking and the Communication Process
Eight Elements of the Communication Process
Five Steps for Preparing to Speak
1. Select and Narrow an Audience-Centered Topic
2. Develop Content Through Research and Sound Support
3. Draft the Introduction, Body, and Conclusion
4. Develop Language and Presentation Aids Carefully
5. Rehearse and Deliver Your Speech
What You've Learned
Key Terms
Reflect
Review Questions
Chapter 2 – Ethics in Public Speaking
Ethics Matter
Ethical Systems
Our Freedom of Speech
Ethics of Choice
Ethical Speaking
Guidelines for Speaking Ethically
Ethical Pitfalls to Avoid
Ethical Information Use
Become Information Literate
Ethical Listening
Listening Responsibilities
Ethical Listening Attitude and Behaviors
What You've Learned
Key Terms
Reflect
Review Questions
Chapter 3 – Being Audience-Centered
Know Your Audience
Audience-Centeredness
Audience Analysis
Adapting to Different Audiences and Situations
Interest Level and Expectations
Accessing Audience Information
Creating the Speaker-Audience Connection
Get to the Point Quickly
Have Confidence: They Want to Hear Your Speech
Be of the People, Not Above the People
Use Humor
Get Personal
Encourage Participation
Examine Other Situational Characteristics
Learn as You Go
What You've Learned
Key Terms
Reflect
Review Questions
Chapter 4 – Listening and Critiquing Speeches
Listening and Public Speaking
Listening and Other Communication Activities
The Importance of Good Listening Skills
Reflect on How You Listen
Reasons Audiences Stop Listening
The Four Stages of Listening
1. Sensing
2. Interpreting
3. Evaluating
4. Reacting/Responding
Eight Steps for Fine-Tuning Your Listening Skills
1. Get Ready to Listen
2. Minimize Personal Barriers to Listening
3. Leave Distractions Behind
4. Do Not Rush to Judgment
5. Listen First for Content, Second for Delivery
6. Become an Effective Note Taker
7. Be an Active Listener
8. Provide Feedback
Critiquing Speeches
Five Key Criteria for Evaluating Speeches
What You've Learned
Key Terms
Reflect
Review Questions
PART TWO – Preparing and Presenting
Your Speech
Chapter 5 – Research and Supporting Material
Develop a Research Strategy
Start (and End) with an Audience Analysis
Assess Your Own Knowledge and Skills
Search Print and Online Resources
Interview, If Appropriate
Supporting Your Speech
Five Functions of Support
Forms of Support
Guidelines for Using Facts
Guidelines for Using Statistics
Guidelines for Using Examples
Guidelines for Using Testimony
Guidelines for Using Analogies
Documenting Information Accurately in Your Speech
What You've Learned
Key Terms
Reflect
Review Questions
Chapter 6 – Organizing and Outlining Your Ideas
The Importance of Organizing a Speech
Organizing the Body of Your Speech
Select Your Main Points
Support Your Main Points
Choose the Best Pattern for Organizing Your Main Points
Chronological Organization
Spatial Organization
Cause and Effect
Problem-Solution Organization
Topical Organization
Create Unity Through Connections
Transitions
Internal Previews and Summaries
Constructing an Outline and Speaker’s Notes
The Planning Outline
Speaker’s Notes
What You've Learned
Key Terms
Reflect
Review Questions
Chapter 7 – Introducing and Concluding Your Speech
Introductions
Functions of Introductions
How to Introduce the Same Speech in Different Ways
Developing Effective Introductions
Five Guidelines and Suggestions for Introductions
Common Pitfalls of Introductions
Conclusions
Functions of Conclusions
Developing Memorable Conclusions 241
How to Conclude the Same Speech in Different Ways 248
Common Pitfalls of Conclusions
What You've Learned
Key Terms
Reflect
Review Questions
Chapter 8 – Confidently Delivering Your Message
Choosing the Right Delivery Method
Impromptu Speaking
Extemporaneous Speaking
Using a Manuscript
Memorization
Using Your Voice
Articulation
Pronunciation
Volume
Rate
Pitch
Pauses
Emphasis
Eliminating Nonfluencies
Using Your Body
Gestures
Using Note Cards
Using a Legal Pad, Outline, or Electronic Tools
Physical Movements
Facial Expressions
Eye Contact
Appearance
Communication and Public Speaking Apprehension
Th e Nature of Apprehension
Strategies for Controlling Public Speaking Apprehension
Managing Questions
What You've Learned
Key Terms
Reflect
Review Questions
PART THREE – Types of Public Speaking
Chapter 9 – Informative Speaking
Differentiating Informative, Persuasive, and Entertaining Purposes
Types of Informative Speaking
Speeches of Description
Speeches of Explanation
Speeches of Demonstration
Five Goals of Informative Speaking
Accurate
Objective
Clear
Meaningful
Memorable
Guidelines for Effective Informative Speeches
Consider Your Audience’s Needs and Goals
Consider Your Audience’s Knowledge Level
Capture Attention and Interest Immediately
Sustain Audience Attention and Interest by Being Creative,
Vivid, and Enthusiastic
Cite Your Oral Sources Accurately
Signpost Main Ideas
Relate the New with the Familiar
Use Repetition
Offer Interesting Visuals
Consider How to Respond to Audience Questions and
Distractions
Ethics of Informative Speaking
What You've Learned
Key Terms
Reflect
Review Questions
Chapter 10 – Persuasive Speaking
The Audience in Persuasive Speaking
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Elements of Persuasion
Ethos and the Power of the Speaker’s Credibility
Pathos and the Power of Emotion
Logos and the Power of Logical Appeals and Arguments
Mythos and the Power of Narratives
Argument Fallacies
Focusing Persuasive Messages: Goals, Aims, and Claims
Goals of Persuasion
Persuasive Aims
Types of Persuasive Claims
Organizing Persuasive Speeches
Comparative Advantages
Criteria-Satisfaction
Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
Ethics and Persuasive Speaking
What You've Learned
Key Terms
Reflect
Review Questions
References
Index