Research in Psychology: From Start to Finish

Author(s): Josh Muller

Edition: 2

Copyright: 2025

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Research in Psychology: From Start to Finish is a step-by-step introduction of the research process. It has been written to coincide with a semester-long research project and associated tasks – i.e., development of research questions and hypotheses, learning how to conduct a literature review, determination of research method and development of research design, data collection and analysis, and reporting of findings. 

Chapter 1
The Research Process and Topics 
1.1 An Introduction to Research in Psychology 
1.2 The Research Process Step by Step 
1.3 The Psychological Researcher 
1.4 Potential Topic Areas 

Chapter 2
The Literature Review and APA Citation Rules 
2.1 What is a Literature Review? 
2.2 The Steps of a Literature Review 
2.3 Rules of Citing—APA 

Chapter 3
Ethics 
3.1 What are Ethics? 
3.2 The History of Psychological Research Ethics 
3.3 The APA Code of Ethics 
3.4 Ethical Considerations 
3.5 Conclusions 

Chapter 4
Qualitative Research 
4.1 Perspectives of Research 
4.2 Qualitative Methods 
4.3 Trustworthiness—How to Analyze Qualitative Data 

Chapter 5
Quantitative Research 
5.1 Sampling from the Population 
5.2 Surveys 
5.3 Inventories 
5.4 Other Descriptive Methods 
5.5 Correlational Methods 

Chapter 6
Science and Experimentation 
6.1 Introduction to the Scientific Method 
6.2 Introduction to the Experiment 
6.3 Theories and Hypotheses 
6.4 Reasoning and Causality 

Chapter 7
Statistics 
7.1 What are Statistics? 
7.2 Descriptive Statistics 
7.3 The Normal Distribution 
7.4 Graphing Options
7.5 Correlations 
7.6 Inferential Statistics
7.7 Steps of Hypothesis Testing 
7.8 Common Inferential Tests 

Chapter 8
Variables and Human Factors in Research 
8.1 What Is a Variable? 
8.2 Types of Independent Variables 
8.3 Types of Dependent Variables 
8.4 Types of Extraneous Variables 
8.5 Other Variables and Control Techniques 
8.6 The Participants 
8.7 The Experimenter and Expectations 
8.8 Research and Culture 

Chapter 9
Threats to Validity 
9.1 Threats to Internal Validity 
9.2 Threats to External Validity 
9.3 Threats to Construct Validity 
9.4 Threats to Statistical Conclusion Validity 

Chapter 10
Varieties of Experimentation 
10.1 Pre-Experimental Designs 
10.2 Quasi-Experimental Designs 
10.3 True Experiments 
10.4 Single-Case Experimental Design 
10.5 Between, Within, and Mixed Designs 
10.6 Factorial Designs 

Chapter 11
APA Format 
11.1 APA Formatting Rules 
11.2 Writing and Formatting Conventions 
11.3 An APA Format Paper Template

Josh Muller

Josh Muller is a Professor of psychology at College of the Sequoias in Visalia, CA. He earned his MA degree in experimental psychology from Fresno State University and PhD degree in general psychology from Northcentral University, Prescott, Arizona. He is founder and serves as Director of the Psychology Research Symposium at College of the Sequoias since 2007.  He teaches Research Methods in Psychology, Social Psychology, and General Psychology. His primary research interests are in attribution theory, exercise psychology, and wellness. He has mentored hundreds of research projects and has taught thousands of students during his tenure. 

Research in Psychology: From Start to Finish is a step-by-step introduction of the research process. It has been written to coincide with a semester-long research project and associated tasks – i.e., development of research questions and hypotheses, learning how to conduct a literature review, determination of research method and development of research design, data collection and analysis, and reporting of findings. 

Chapter 1
The Research Process and Topics 
1.1 An Introduction to Research in Psychology 
1.2 The Research Process Step by Step 
1.3 The Psychological Researcher 
1.4 Potential Topic Areas 

Chapter 2
The Literature Review and APA Citation Rules 
2.1 What is a Literature Review? 
2.2 The Steps of a Literature Review 
2.3 Rules of Citing—APA 

Chapter 3
Ethics 
3.1 What are Ethics? 
3.2 The History of Psychological Research Ethics 
3.3 The APA Code of Ethics 
3.4 Ethical Considerations 
3.5 Conclusions 

Chapter 4
Qualitative Research 
4.1 Perspectives of Research 
4.2 Qualitative Methods 
4.3 Trustworthiness—How to Analyze Qualitative Data 

Chapter 5
Quantitative Research 
5.1 Sampling from the Population 
5.2 Surveys 
5.3 Inventories 
5.4 Other Descriptive Methods 
5.5 Correlational Methods 

Chapter 6
Science and Experimentation 
6.1 Introduction to the Scientific Method 
6.2 Introduction to the Experiment 
6.3 Theories and Hypotheses 
6.4 Reasoning and Causality 

Chapter 7
Statistics 
7.1 What are Statistics? 
7.2 Descriptive Statistics 
7.3 The Normal Distribution 
7.4 Graphing Options
7.5 Correlations 
7.6 Inferential Statistics
7.7 Steps of Hypothesis Testing 
7.8 Common Inferential Tests 

Chapter 8
Variables and Human Factors in Research 
8.1 What Is a Variable? 
8.2 Types of Independent Variables 
8.3 Types of Dependent Variables 
8.4 Types of Extraneous Variables 
8.5 Other Variables and Control Techniques 
8.6 The Participants 
8.7 The Experimenter and Expectations 
8.8 Research and Culture 

Chapter 9
Threats to Validity 
9.1 Threats to Internal Validity 
9.2 Threats to External Validity 
9.3 Threats to Construct Validity 
9.4 Threats to Statistical Conclusion Validity 

Chapter 10
Varieties of Experimentation 
10.1 Pre-Experimental Designs 
10.2 Quasi-Experimental Designs 
10.3 True Experiments 
10.4 Single-Case Experimental Design 
10.5 Between, Within, and Mixed Designs 
10.6 Factorial Designs 

Chapter 11
APA Format 
11.1 APA Formatting Rules 
11.2 Writing and Formatting Conventions 
11.3 An APA Format Paper Template

Josh Muller

Josh Muller is a Professor of psychology at College of the Sequoias in Visalia, CA. He earned his MA degree in experimental psychology from Fresno State University and PhD degree in general psychology from Northcentral University, Prescott, Arizona. He is founder and serves as Director of the Psychology Research Symposium at College of the Sequoias since 2007.  He teaches Research Methods in Psychology, Social Psychology, and General Psychology. His primary research interests are in attribution theory, exercise psychology, and wellness. He has mentored hundreds of research projects and has taught thousands of students during his tenure.