The Science of Health: Based on Structure, Function & Purpose: Biological Practice, Application & Implementation

Author(s): TS Douglas

Edition: 2

Copyright: 2026

Edition: 2

Copyright: 2026

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Chapter 1. Welcome to the Science of Health

  • Make sense of the correlations between our current food selection and the nutrition related issues we face today such as obesity, food-related illnesses, deficiencies, and allergens.
  • Explain the structural, functional, and purposeful understandings of eating to live, thrive, and survive.
  • Understand the correlations between our inherited mindset and the food choices we make.
  • Understand ultimate goals that impact the individual, family, culture, society, and species.
  • Provide scientific understanding of physical health information to others within his/her family, culture, and/or society.

Chapter 2. Why…

  • Practice, apply, and implement his/her understanding about the purpose of digestion.
  • Apply the structural, functional, and purposeful understandings to science, nutrition, and health.
  • Explain scientific understandings of physical health information to others within his/her family, culture, and/or society.

Chapter 3. Important Content to Understand Throughout

  • Understand scientific terminology that is specific to the content of health and nutrition.
  • Recognize, understand, and improve his/her own individual state of physical health.
  • Apply the structural, functional, and purposeful understandings to science, nutrition, and health.
  • Recognize if the foods ingested contain compatible nutrients required for growth, maintenance, and repair of the body (more specifically, cells).
  • Evaluate the nutrition content of foods in order to make healthy food choices.
  • Demonstrate the skill of food label interpretation.

Chapter 4. The Gastrointestinal (G.I.) System

  • Apply the structural, functional, and purposeful understandings to the digestive system
  • Practice, apply, and implement his/her understanding about the purpose of digestion.
  • Explain how food and nutrients are processed in the body; i.e. ingestion, digestion, absorption, transportation, metabolism, and elimination.
  • Identify and describe common digestive conditions, disorders, and diseases of the GI tract.

Chapter 5. The Science of Food and Nutrients

  • Define and make sense of nutrients, food, and nutrition relative to the overall purpose of digestion.
  • Identify, categorize, and classify the six classes of nutrients accordingly.
  • Know how to calculate caloric intake from a dish to a meal.
  • Break down the structural composition of foods, from meal to monomer.
  • Recognize and describe the different kinds of polymers.
  • Build upon nutritional terminology and scientific knowledge.
  • Understand the structure, function, and purpose of the six essential nutrients.
  • Identify, categorize, and classify the six classes of nutrients accordingly.

Chapter 6. The Science of Physical Activity

  • Define stress and describe ways in which stress can manifest itself.
  • Understand the importance of physical activity.
  • Develop workout regimes that are lifestyle, career, and/or disease prevention focused.
  • Implement proper posture, form, and technique during exercise routines.
  • Apply the understanding of the science of breathing.
  • Design and implement workout regimens that focuses on strength, function and core, aerobic fitness, muscular fitness, total fitness, and flexibility
  • Understand and apply techniques to recover from physical activities and injuries.
  • Assess your own health-related fitness by perform a series of tests.

Chapter 7. Time to Workout!

  • Create, execute and implement physical activity routines that incorporates a total body fitness experience based on muscular strength and endurance, cardio, flexibility and core fitness.
  • Practice, apply and implement physical activity routines that will get you moving and can be naturally incorporated into your daily activities.
  • Incorporate a lifestyle approach in implementing physical activities that can flow with the day-to-day tasks.

Chapter 8. Auxiliary Content

  • Make sense of the relationship between food and disease when it comes to preventions, cures, and treatments.
  • Understand how to decode the myths, misconceptions, and misinformation of nutrition.
  • Analyze the different governmental agencies who implements policies and procedures that regulate our foods.
  • Evaluate different nutrition careers that are relevant to today’s job market.

About the Author 
Preface 


UNIT 1: THE WHAT, HOW, AND WHY OF HEALTH 

Chapter 1: Welcome to the Science of Health 
Section 1.1: Challenges We Still Face 
Section 1.2: Why We Eat 
Section 1.3: Change Your Mindset 
Section 1.4: Health Goals 
Section 1.5: So … Why? 
Section 1.6: Why Science, Nutrition, and Health 

Chapter 2: Prevention, Policy, and Profession 
Section 2.1: Myths. Misconceptions. Misinformation
Section 2.2: Prevention. Cure. Treatment 
Section 2.3: Policies. Procedures. Regulations 
Section 2.4: Careers in the Field 


UNIT 2: CELLS, CHOICES, AND CHEMICAL BALANCE 

Chapter 3: Cells, Life, and the Science Behind the Body 
Section 3.1: Knowledge of -ologies 
Section 3.2: Hierarchy of Life 
Section 3.3: The Thing About Cells 
Chapter 4: Food Quality and Smart Choices
Section 4.1: Filler Foods 
Section 4.2: Processed, Packaged, and Preserved 
Section 4.3: Reading Food Labels 
Section 4.4: Fresh, Raw, and Natural 
Section 4.5: Nutrient Diversity 

Chapter 5: Life’s Chemical Code
Section 5.1: Overconsumption and Underconsumption 
Section 5.2: pH and Solubility 
Section 5.3: Metabolism 
Section 5.4: Enzymes 
Section 5.5: Natural Versus Artifi cial Selection

UNIT 3: DIGESTION, ABSORPTION, AND GUT HEALTH 

Chapter 6: Structure, Function, and Purpose of The Digestive System 
Section 6.1: Why Do We Eat … Really? 
Section 6.2: Digestive System Overview 
Section 6.3: Structure of the Gastrointestinal Tract 
Section 6.4: Function and Purpose of Digestion 

Chapter 7: Nutrient Absorption and Digestive Conditions 
Section 7.1: Mechanical and Chemical Digestion 
Section 7.2: Adenosine Triphosphate Production 
Section 7.3: Nutrient Absorption 
Section 7.4: Metabolism of Nutrients 
Section 7.5: Common Gastrointestinal Disorders 
Section 7.6: Obesity, Dietary Fat, and Heart Disease 
Section 7.7: Protein Imbalances 


UNIT 4: WHAT IS IN YOUR FOOD? 

Chapter 8: From Food to Nutrients 
Section 8.1: Food to Nutrients 
Section 8.2: Macronutrients Versus Micronutrients 
Section 8.3: Polymers and Monomers 
Section 8.4: Douglas’s Hierarchy of Food Composition 
Section 8.5: “Organic” Explained 

Chapter 9: Macronutrients and Dietary Additions 
Section 9.1: Carbohydrates 
Section 9.2: Lipids 
Section 9.3: Proteins 
Section 9.4: Dietary Supplements 
Section 9.5: Absorption of Macronutrients 

Chapter 10: Micronutrients and Other Essentials 
Section 10.1: Water and Electrolytes 
Section 10.2: Minerals 
Section 10.3: Vitamins 
Section 10.4: Alcohol: Tonic or Toxin? 


UNIT 5: MOVE WELL, LIVE WELL! 

Chapter 11: Fitness and Wellness Foundations 
Section 11.1: Wellness and Stress 
Section 11.2:Importance of Physical Activity 
Section 11.3:Low, Moderate, and Extreme Impact Activities 
Section 11.4: Physical Fitness Physiology 
Section 11.5: The Five Fitness Components 

Chapter 12: Physical Activity in Practice 
Section 12.1: Proper Posture, Form, and Technique 
Section 12.2:The Science of Breathing 
Section 12.3:The Purpose of Activity 
Section 12.4:Energy Balance 
Section 12.5:Water and Exercise

Chapter 13: Training for Growth and Performance 
Section 13.1:Fitness Assessments 
Section 13.2: Strength and Core 
Section 13.3:Muscle Growth and Principles 
Section 13.4: Nutrient Timing 
Section 13.5:Muscular Fitness 
Section 13.6: Aerobic Fitness 
Section 13.7:Flexibility Benefits 

Chapter 14: Injury, Recovery, and Longevity 
Section 14.1: Recovery Importance 
Section 14.2: Common Exercise Mistakes and Injuries 
Section 14.3: Protecting Your Back 


UNIT 6: FITNESS IN MOTION 

Chapter 15: Endurance and Cardiovascular Conditioning 
Section 15.1:Let’s Get Moving! 
Section 15.2: Aerobics, Kickboxing 
Section 15.3: Aquatic Training, Cycling 
Section 15.4: High-Intensity Interval Training and Warm-Ups 

Chapter 16: Strength, Stability, and Functional Training
Section 16.1:Body Conditioning 
Section 16.2: Circuit and Peripheral Heart Action Training 
Section 16.3: Stability and Bootcamp Training 

Chapter 17: Flexibility and Mind–Body Integration
Section 17.1: Stretching 
Section 17.2: Yoga 
Section 17.3: Pilates 
Section 17.4: Mind–Body Fitness

TS Douglas

T.S. Douglas is a Scientist, Researcher, Educator, Fashion Designer and Author. She graduated with a B.S. & M.S. in Molecular, Cellular & Microbial Biology (Chicago State University, 2003, 2008). She completed her thesis in an Immunology lab that focused on innate and adaptive immunity and analyzed her results through many arrays of mRNA and Protein analyses. While pursuing a Ph.D at Northwestern University in 2006, she published the results of her Prostate Cancer research surrounding Developmental Biology at the Robert H. Lurie Research Center of Children’s Memorial Hospital. When T.S. Douglas began teaching university-level Biology courses in 2008, she was led back to school to complete her M.A.T. & Secondary Teaching Certificate (2012). She simultaneously started teaching middle and high school students for Chicago Public Schools (CPS), while executing her Adjunct Faculty position with City Colleges of Chicago. After the major turn-around that occurred for CPS in 2013, she decided to expand upon her Fashion Engineering skills and enrolled in a Fashion Design Program. Her B.S.A. in Fashion Design (2016) led her into designing, drafting, & sewing her own collections; along with working for Thomas Pink, a British, shirt-making company, focusing on Visuals, Operations & Sales (2014-2017). During this time, she managed to complete her 1st textbook publication entitled Cellular Nutrition (2018).

When T.S. Douglas first started teaching in 2008, her teaching philosophies were focused around building & establishing relationships, leading by example, and passing down her trained talents & techniques. After over 10 years of educating at Collegiate and Secondary levels, she has adopted other philosophies to her teaching practices. T.S. Douglas consistently educates others on the importance of practice, application & implementation of information they are learning, from their classes to their everyday lives; always applying structure (what), function (how) & purpose (why) of content when organizing information on a Molecular and Cellular level; and understanding that we, as humans, are entitled to be Scientists, Researchers, Educators, Authors, Artists, Entrepreneurs, Innovators & Inventors. T.S. Douglas resides in Chicago where she continues to employ her education, experiences, training, talents and techniques to help others find their individual messages so they can truly live their best, purposefully-driven life.

Chapter 1. Welcome to the Science of Health

  • Make sense of the correlations between our current food selection and the nutrition related issues we face today such as obesity, food-related illnesses, deficiencies, and allergens.
  • Explain the structural, functional, and purposeful understandings of eating to live, thrive, and survive.
  • Understand the correlations between our inherited mindset and the food choices we make.
  • Understand ultimate goals that impact the individual, family, culture, society, and species.
  • Provide scientific understanding of physical health information to others within his/her family, culture, and/or society.

Chapter 2. Why…

  • Practice, apply, and implement his/her understanding about the purpose of digestion.
  • Apply the structural, functional, and purposeful understandings to science, nutrition, and health.
  • Explain scientific understandings of physical health information to others within his/her family, culture, and/or society.

Chapter 3. Important Content to Understand Throughout

  • Understand scientific terminology that is specific to the content of health and nutrition.
  • Recognize, understand, and improve his/her own individual state of physical health.
  • Apply the structural, functional, and purposeful understandings to science, nutrition, and health.
  • Recognize if the foods ingested contain compatible nutrients required for growth, maintenance, and repair of the body (more specifically, cells).
  • Evaluate the nutrition content of foods in order to make healthy food choices.
  • Demonstrate the skill of food label interpretation.

Chapter 4. The Gastrointestinal (G.I.) System

  • Apply the structural, functional, and purposeful understandings to the digestive system
  • Practice, apply, and implement his/her understanding about the purpose of digestion.
  • Explain how food and nutrients are processed in the body; i.e. ingestion, digestion, absorption, transportation, metabolism, and elimination.
  • Identify and describe common digestive conditions, disorders, and diseases of the GI tract.

Chapter 5. The Science of Food and Nutrients

  • Define and make sense of nutrients, food, and nutrition relative to the overall purpose of digestion.
  • Identify, categorize, and classify the six classes of nutrients accordingly.
  • Know how to calculate caloric intake from a dish to a meal.
  • Break down the structural composition of foods, from meal to monomer.
  • Recognize and describe the different kinds of polymers.
  • Build upon nutritional terminology and scientific knowledge.
  • Understand the structure, function, and purpose of the six essential nutrients.
  • Identify, categorize, and classify the six classes of nutrients accordingly.

Chapter 6. The Science of Physical Activity

  • Define stress and describe ways in which stress can manifest itself.
  • Understand the importance of physical activity.
  • Develop workout regimes that are lifestyle, career, and/or disease prevention focused.
  • Implement proper posture, form, and technique during exercise routines.
  • Apply the understanding of the science of breathing.
  • Design and implement workout regimens that focuses on strength, function and core, aerobic fitness, muscular fitness, total fitness, and flexibility
  • Understand and apply techniques to recover from physical activities and injuries.
  • Assess your own health-related fitness by perform a series of tests.

Chapter 7. Time to Workout!

  • Create, execute and implement physical activity routines that incorporates a total body fitness experience based on muscular strength and endurance, cardio, flexibility and core fitness.
  • Practice, apply and implement physical activity routines that will get you moving and can be naturally incorporated into your daily activities.
  • Incorporate a lifestyle approach in implementing physical activities that can flow with the day-to-day tasks.

Chapter 8. Auxiliary Content

  • Make sense of the relationship between food and disease when it comes to preventions, cures, and treatments.
  • Understand how to decode the myths, misconceptions, and misinformation of nutrition.
  • Analyze the different governmental agencies who implements policies and procedures that regulate our foods.
  • Evaluate different nutrition careers that are relevant to today’s job market.

About the Author 
Preface 


UNIT 1: THE WHAT, HOW, AND WHY OF HEALTH 

Chapter 1: Welcome to the Science of Health 
Section 1.1: Challenges We Still Face 
Section 1.2: Why We Eat 
Section 1.3: Change Your Mindset 
Section 1.4: Health Goals 
Section 1.5: So … Why? 
Section 1.6: Why Science, Nutrition, and Health 

Chapter 2: Prevention, Policy, and Profession 
Section 2.1: Myths. Misconceptions. Misinformation
Section 2.2: Prevention. Cure. Treatment 
Section 2.3: Policies. Procedures. Regulations 
Section 2.4: Careers in the Field 


UNIT 2: CELLS, CHOICES, AND CHEMICAL BALANCE 

Chapter 3: Cells, Life, and the Science Behind the Body 
Section 3.1: Knowledge of -ologies 
Section 3.2: Hierarchy of Life 
Section 3.3: The Thing About Cells 
Chapter 4: Food Quality and Smart Choices
Section 4.1: Filler Foods 
Section 4.2: Processed, Packaged, and Preserved 
Section 4.3: Reading Food Labels 
Section 4.4: Fresh, Raw, and Natural 
Section 4.5: Nutrient Diversity 

Chapter 5: Life’s Chemical Code
Section 5.1: Overconsumption and Underconsumption 
Section 5.2: pH and Solubility 
Section 5.3: Metabolism 
Section 5.4: Enzymes 
Section 5.5: Natural Versus Artifi cial Selection

UNIT 3: DIGESTION, ABSORPTION, AND GUT HEALTH 

Chapter 6: Structure, Function, and Purpose of The Digestive System 
Section 6.1: Why Do We Eat … Really? 
Section 6.2: Digestive System Overview 
Section 6.3: Structure of the Gastrointestinal Tract 
Section 6.4: Function and Purpose of Digestion 

Chapter 7: Nutrient Absorption and Digestive Conditions 
Section 7.1: Mechanical and Chemical Digestion 
Section 7.2: Adenosine Triphosphate Production 
Section 7.3: Nutrient Absorption 
Section 7.4: Metabolism of Nutrients 
Section 7.5: Common Gastrointestinal Disorders 
Section 7.6: Obesity, Dietary Fat, and Heart Disease 
Section 7.7: Protein Imbalances 


UNIT 4: WHAT IS IN YOUR FOOD? 

Chapter 8: From Food to Nutrients 
Section 8.1: Food to Nutrients 
Section 8.2: Macronutrients Versus Micronutrients 
Section 8.3: Polymers and Monomers 
Section 8.4: Douglas’s Hierarchy of Food Composition 
Section 8.5: “Organic” Explained 

Chapter 9: Macronutrients and Dietary Additions 
Section 9.1: Carbohydrates 
Section 9.2: Lipids 
Section 9.3: Proteins 
Section 9.4: Dietary Supplements 
Section 9.5: Absorption of Macronutrients 

Chapter 10: Micronutrients and Other Essentials 
Section 10.1: Water and Electrolytes 
Section 10.2: Minerals 
Section 10.3: Vitamins 
Section 10.4: Alcohol: Tonic or Toxin? 


UNIT 5: MOVE WELL, LIVE WELL! 

Chapter 11: Fitness and Wellness Foundations 
Section 11.1: Wellness and Stress 
Section 11.2:Importance of Physical Activity 
Section 11.3:Low, Moderate, and Extreme Impact Activities 
Section 11.4: Physical Fitness Physiology 
Section 11.5: The Five Fitness Components 

Chapter 12: Physical Activity in Practice 
Section 12.1: Proper Posture, Form, and Technique 
Section 12.2:The Science of Breathing 
Section 12.3:The Purpose of Activity 
Section 12.4:Energy Balance 
Section 12.5:Water and Exercise

Chapter 13: Training for Growth and Performance 
Section 13.1:Fitness Assessments 
Section 13.2: Strength and Core 
Section 13.3:Muscle Growth and Principles 
Section 13.4: Nutrient Timing 
Section 13.5:Muscular Fitness 
Section 13.6: Aerobic Fitness 
Section 13.7:Flexibility Benefits 

Chapter 14: Injury, Recovery, and Longevity 
Section 14.1: Recovery Importance 
Section 14.2: Common Exercise Mistakes and Injuries 
Section 14.3: Protecting Your Back 


UNIT 6: FITNESS IN MOTION 

Chapter 15: Endurance and Cardiovascular Conditioning 
Section 15.1:Let’s Get Moving! 
Section 15.2: Aerobics, Kickboxing 
Section 15.3: Aquatic Training, Cycling 
Section 15.4: High-Intensity Interval Training and Warm-Ups 

Chapter 16: Strength, Stability, and Functional Training
Section 16.1:Body Conditioning 
Section 16.2: Circuit and Peripheral Heart Action Training 
Section 16.3: Stability and Bootcamp Training 

Chapter 17: Flexibility and Mind–Body Integration
Section 17.1: Stretching 
Section 17.2: Yoga 
Section 17.3: Pilates 
Section 17.4: Mind–Body Fitness

TS Douglas

T.S. Douglas is a Scientist, Researcher, Educator, Fashion Designer and Author. She graduated with a B.S. & M.S. in Molecular, Cellular & Microbial Biology (Chicago State University, 2003, 2008). She completed her thesis in an Immunology lab that focused on innate and adaptive immunity and analyzed her results through many arrays of mRNA and Protein analyses. While pursuing a Ph.D at Northwestern University in 2006, she published the results of her Prostate Cancer research surrounding Developmental Biology at the Robert H. Lurie Research Center of Children’s Memorial Hospital. When T.S. Douglas began teaching university-level Biology courses in 2008, she was led back to school to complete her M.A.T. & Secondary Teaching Certificate (2012). She simultaneously started teaching middle and high school students for Chicago Public Schools (CPS), while executing her Adjunct Faculty position with City Colleges of Chicago. After the major turn-around that occurred for CPS in 2013, she decided to expand upon her Fashion Engineering skills and enrolled in a Fashion Design Program. Her B.S.A. in Fashion Design (2016) led her into designing, drafting, & sewing her own collections; along with working for Thomas Pink, a British, shirt-making company, focusing on Visuals, Operations & Sales (2014-2017). During this time, she managed to complete her 1st textbook publication entitled Cellular Nutrition (2018).

When T.S. Douglas first started teaching in 2008, her teaching philosophies were focused around building & establishing relationships, leading by example, and passing down her trained talents & techniques. After over 10 years of educating at Collegiate and Secondary levels, she has adopted other philosophies to her teaching practices. T.S. Douglas consistently educates others on the importance of practice, application & implementation of information they are learning, from their classes to their everyday lives; always applying structure (what), function (how) & purpose (why) of content when organizing information on a Molecular and Cellular level; and understanding that we, as humans, are entitled to be Scientists, Researchers, Educators, Authors, Artists, Entrepreneurs, Innovators & Inventors. T.S. Douglas resides in Chicago where she continues to employ her education, experiences, training, talents and techniques to help others find their individual messages so they can truly live their best, purposefully-driven life.