The Search for Racial Equality through Law

CHAPTER ONE Slavery
Themes
Common Law and Slavery
Somerset v. Stewart 
Pattinson v. Whitaker
Denison v. Tucker
Neal v. Farmer

Who Is a Slave?
Gobu v. Gobu
Adelle v. Beauregard
Alfred Nichols v. William F. Bell
Hudgins v. Wrights
State v. Harden

The Meaning of Slavery
Bulloch v. The Lamar
Gorman v. Campbell 
Ponton v. Wilmington & Weldon RR. Co.
State v. Mann 
United States v. Amy

Leaving Slavery
Sojourn
The Slave, Grace
Harry v. Decker & Hopkins
Commonwealth v. Thomas Aves
Scott v. Emerson
Manumission
Pleasants v. Pleasants
Bailey & Al. v. Poindexter’s Ex’or
Mitchell v. Wells 
Escape
Wright v. Deacon
Prigg v. Pennsylvania

Federal Position
Race-Related Constitutional Provisions 
The Antelope 
The United States, Appellants, v. The Libellants and Claimants of the Schooner Amistad 
Dred Scott v. Sandford 
Lincoln’s Cooper Union Address: Mr. President and Fellow Citizens of New York
In Re: African-American Slave Descendants Litigation 

CHAPTER TWO To Segregation: Invidious Discrimination and Equal Protection
Themes 
Lincoln, War, Post-War Amendments and Equal Protection
Race-Related Constitutional Provisions

Government (State) Action Requirement
The Civil Rights Cases

The Scrutiny Tests
Minimal Scrutiny: SEPARATE but EQUAL
Plessy v. Ferguson
Booker T. Washington Delivers the 1895 Atlanta Compromise Speech
Booker T. Washington and Others 
Berea College v. Commonwealth of Kentucky
Transition to Strict Scrutiny: Separate but EQUAL
McCabe v. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Company
Pearson v. Murray
Missouri Ex Rel. Gaines v. Canada
Sweatt v. Painter
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
Henderson v. United States et al.
Strict Scrutiny and the End of Segregation
Education
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka [Brown I] 
Bolling v. Sharpe 
Brown v. Board of Education [Brown II] 
Cooper v. Aaron 
Poindexter v. Louisiana Financial Assistance Commission
Charles C. Green et al. v. County School Board of New Kent County, Virginia et al. 
James E. Swann et al., Petitioners, v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education et al.
Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education et al., Petitioners, v. James E. Swann et al.
Public Accommodations 
Browder v. Gayle
Voting 
Smith v. Allwright 
Gomillion v. Lightfoot
Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
Hunter v. Erickson
Reitman et al. v. Mulkey et al 
Washington v. Seattle 
Hunter v. Underwood
Triggering Strict Scrutiny
Village of Arlington Hts. v. Metro. Housing Devel. Corp.
Washington v. Davis
Bean v. Southwestern Waste Management Corp.
City of Mobile v. Bolden 

Contemporary Equal Protection: A Summary 
Race and the Equal Protection Clause 
Equal Protection Analysis—Race

CHAPTER THREE Toward Integration 
Themes 
Shelley Et Ux. v. Kraemer Et Ux
Loving Et Ux. v. Virginia 

Statutory Prohibitions of Invidious Discrimination: Government (State) and/or Private Action
Vote Dilution and the 1965 Voting Rights Act 
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Public Accommodations and the 1964 Civil Rights Act
Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 
Katzenbach, Acting Attorney General, et al. v. McClung et al. 
Durham v. Red Lake Fishing and Hunting Club, Inc. 
King v. Greyhound Lines, Inc. 
Employment and the 1964 Civil Rights Act
Title VII, Civil Rights Act of 1964
Race Discrimination in Employment: Title VII: A Summary 
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green 
Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
Housing and the 1866 Civil Rights/Fair Housing Act
Civil Rights Act of 1866 
Jones Et Ux. v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 
Phillips v. Hunter Trails Community Association 
Williamson v. Hampton Management Company
Non-Invidious Discrimination (Affirmative Action)
Under Statute
Voting and the 1965 Voting Rights Act 
Johnson v. De Grandy
Employment and the 1964 Civil Rights Act 
Title VII: Disparate Treatment—Voluntary Affirmative Action Cases 
United Steelworkers of America v. Weber 
Johnson v. Transportation Agency 
Taxman v. Board of Education of Piscataway 
Housing and the 1866 Civil Rights/Fair Housing Act
United States v. Starrett City Associates 

Under the Constitution 
Affirmative Action and the Constitution: A Summary
Affirmative Action and the Constitution: A Summary 
The 1995 Trilogy
Missouri v. Jenkins
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena
Miller v. Johnson
Appellant v. Holder
Shelby County v. Holder 
Alexander v. Prince George’s County 
Ricci, et al., Petitioners v. Destefano et al.
Implications of the Trilogy 
Public Education 
Podberesky v. Kirwan
Cheryl J. Hopwood, et al. v. State of Texas, et al.
Barbara Grutter, Petitioner v. Lee Bollinger et al.
Jennifer Gratz and Patrick Hamacher, Petitioners v. Lee Bollinger et al. 
Abigail Noel Fisher, Petitioner v. University of Texas at Austin et al.
Parents Involved in Community Schools, Petitioner v. Seattle School District no. 1 et al.
The Coalition for Economic Equity v. Pete Wilson
Schuette v. (Bamn) 
Racial Profiling 
State of New Jersey v. Pedro Soto et al. 
Judicial Remedies
Hills v. Gautreaux

Hate Speech 
Doe v. University of Michigan 
Dambrot v. Central Michigan University 
Maryland v. Sheldon 
Virginia, Petitioner v. Barry Elton Black, Richard J. Elliott, and Jonathan O’Mara 
Florida v. Stalder 
Wisconsin, Petitioner v. Todd Mitchell 
Jury Trials
Robert L. Yarbrough v. State of Mississippi
McCastle v. The State 
Norris v. Alabama 
Hernandez v. Texas 
Duren v. Missouri
Gregory Williams and Leroy Williams

APPENDIX
Study Guide for Reading the Cases
The Constitution of the United States