Symbolic Interaction
Early Symbolic Interaction: Karl Marx, Max Weber, Emile Durkheim, and Georg Simmel
William Isaac Thomas: The Thomas Theorem
George Herbert Mead: Laying the Foundation
William James
Charles Horton Cooley: The Looking Glass Self
John Dewey
Influence of Pragmatism, Darwinism, and Behaviorism
George Herbert Mead: Mind, Self, and Society
Mind
Self
Society
Symbolic Interaction
Herbert Blumer on Symbolic Interaction
The Chicago School Versus the Iowa School
Areas of Agreement
Areas of Divergence
Dramaturgical Approach: Erving Goffman
Introduction
Theorists Who Inspired Goffman
Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959)
Fronts
Reality and Contrivance
Teams
Regions
Discrepant Roles
Information Control: Keeping Secrets
Return to Discrepant Roles
Communication
Impression Management
Defending the Performance
Social Establishments
Cultural Comparisons
Conveying the Impression of Self
Staging
Behavior in Public Places (1963)
Interaction Ritual (1967)
Conclusion
Rational Choice and Exchange Theories
Introduction
Early Rational Choice and Exchange Theories
Exchange Theory in Anthropology
Bronislaw Malinowski and Nonmaterial Exchange
Marcel Mauss and the Emergence of Exchange Structuralism
Claude Levi-Strauss and the Larger Social Structure
Psychological Behaviorism and Exchange Theory
Sociological Tradition and Exchange Theory
Karl Marx’s Conflict Theory and Exchange Theory
Georg Simmel’s Contribution Exchange Theory
Rational Choice and Economics
George Homans and Behavioral Psychology
Social Approval and Conformity
Power
Social Behavior as Exchange
Macrostructure and Human Behavior
Exchange Theory in Summation
Peter Blau: Dialectical Approach
Exchange Structure and Macrostructure
Values and Institutions
Level of Organizations
Conclusion
Phenomenology and Ethnomethodology
Introduction
Edmund Husserl: Lifeworld
Alfred Schutz: Developing Husserl’s Theory
The Stranger (1944)
The Homecomer (1944)
The Social Construction of Reality: Peter Berger and Thomas Luckman
Institutions: Humans and the Environment
Origins of Institutionalization
Reality Internalized
Ethnomethodology and Harold Garfinkel
The Coroner’s Office Establishing How Individuals Lived and Died
Jurors Accomplishing Reality
Accomplishing Gender
Breaching Experiments
Conversational Analysis
Taking a Deeper Dive
Studying Set Routines
Conversing Shorthand
Breaching Experiment in Conversations
Acting as Boarders at Home
Decision-Making Process of Jurors
Agnes: The Intersexed Person
Lies Exposed
Conclusion
Is There a Reality?
Bibliography