Sociology: Diversity and Change in the Twenty-First Century

CHAPTER 1 THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION
Personal Troubles and Public Issues: Dana's Story
The Sociological Imagination in Action
Sociology: Intellectual Traditions And Core Concepts
Sociology's European Roots
The Functionalist Perspective
Emile Durkheim: Influential Functionalist Thinker
The Conflict Perspective
Karl Marx: Proponent of Radical Change
Max Weber: Student of Social Stratification and Bureaucracy
Reflecting Back on Dana's Story
Symbolic Interactionism: People Constructing Social Reality
Different Perspectives, Different Voices: the Benefits
Chapter Summary
Thinking Critically
Key Terms

CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHODS
The Research Process
Use of Hypotheses and Open-Ended Research Questions
Steps in the Research Process
Types of Research Methods
Experimental Research
Establishing Experimental and Control Groups
Research Example: Teacher
Expectations and Student Performance
Advantages and Disadvantages of Experimental Research
Field Research
Making Field Observations
Research Example: Manufacturing Classroom Failure
Advantages and Disadvantages of Field Research
Survey Research
Survey Procedures
Research Example: Gatekeeping in High Schools
Advantages and Disadvantages of Surveys
Historical Research
Uses and Sources of Historical Data
Research Example: The Origins Of School Tracking Practices
Advantages and Disadvantages of Historical Research
Analyses of Existing Data
Secondary Data Analysis
Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Existing Data
Research Ethics and Politics
The Ethics of Research
The Politics of Research
Chapter Summary
Thinking Critically
Key Terms

CHAPTER 3 MACRO SOCIAL STRUCTURES
Social Structure
The World-System
Global Patterns and Their Consequences for Individuals' Life Chances
The Role of Raw Materials in the World-System
Societies
Two Views of Social Structure
Institutions
The Family
Religion
The Economy
Education
The State
Institutions as Dynamic Structures
Social Movements: Challenges and Change
Chapter Summary
Thinking Critically
Key Terms

CHAPTER 4 SOCIAL STRUCTURE: MICRO- AND MID-LEVELS
Status
Achieved And Ascribed Status
Master Status
Roles
Role Strain
Role Conflict
Role Sets
Groups and The Individual
Primary Groups
Secondary Groups
Group Structure: Bureaucratic Versus Democratic Organization
Bureaucratic Organization
Features of Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy and Control in the Workplace
Bureaucracy and the Declining Power of Workers
The Bureaucratized Society
Democratic Organization
Democratic Workplace Cooperatives
Features of the Democratic Workplace
How Bureaucratic and Democratic Organizations Effect People's Lives
Informal Organization
Some Functions of Informal Organization
Workers' Resistance to Management
Social Networks
Strong and Weak Network Ties
Networks and Social Advantage
Chapter Summary
Thinking Critically
Key Terms

CHAPTER 5 CULTURE
Norms
Folkways
Mores
Laws
Values
The Relationship Between Values and Norms
Culture and Language
Language: Describing the World
Language: Constructing Reality
Language: Vehicle for Change
Corporate Culture
Agents of Cultural Transmission
Mass Media
Schools
Subcultures
Countercultures
Chapter Summary
Thinking Critically
KeyTerms

CHAPTER 6 SOCIALIZATION
Socialization as a Learning Process
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Charles Horton Cooley: The Looking Glass Self
George Herbert Mead: Significant and Generalized Others
Symbolic Interaction as a Dynamic Process
Conflict Perspective
Conflict in Social Psychological Explanations
Conflict in Structural Explanations
Socialization, Conflict, and Social Structure
Agents of Socialization
Families
Peer Groups
Schools
Religious Organizations
The Workplace
The Media
Toys, Games, and Recreation
The State
Class Socialization
Family
Schools
Gender Socialization
Family
Schools
Work
Media
Toys, Games, and Recreational Activities
Effectiveness of Gender Socialization
Racialized Socialization
Family
Schools
Media
Toys, Games, and Recreational Activities
Political Socialization
Schools
Toys and Games
Media
Chapter Summary
Thinking Critically
Key Terms

CHAPTER 7 SYSTEMS OF INEQUALITY
Economic Inequality
Wealth, Income, and Poverty
Different Perspectives on Economic Inequality
The Functionalist Perspective on Economic Inequality
Critiques of Functionalism
A Conflict Perspective on Economic Inequality
Racialized Inequality
The Concept of "Race"
Personal Racism
Institutional Racism
Racism and the Economy
Racism and the State
Gendered Inequality
The "Biology Is Destiny" Ideology
Male Chauvinism And Institutional Sexism
Women and the Labor Force
Are Males Harmed by Gender Inequality?
Sexual Orientation and Inequality
The Ideology of Heterosexism
Mistaken Notions about Homosexuality
Discriminatory Practices Against Gay Males and Lesbians
Some Signs of Change
Able-Bodiedness and Inequality
The Ideology of Ableism
Problems Experienced by People with Disabilities
Chapter Summary
Thinking Critically
Key Terms

CHAPTER 8 INTERSECTIONS OF RACE, CLASS, AND GENDER
Patriarchy in the Lives of Wealthy White Women
Gendered Inequality in the Upper Class
Upper Class Women's Subordinate Gender Roles
White Women Employers and Domestic Workers of Color
Racial and Class Inequalities in Household Settings
Women Oppressing Women
African American Men in the Lower Class
When Race and Class Trump Male Privilege
Effects of Ghettoization on African American Men
Racism and Middle-Class African Americans
Economic Success in the Face of Racism
Racial Segregation of the Black Middle Class
Diverse Experiences Among Women of Color
The Importance of Recognizing Women's Diversity
Challenges Facing African American Women
Experiences of Chicanas in U.S. Society
Special Challenges Facing Women with Disabilities
When Gender and Disability Meet
The Oppression of Women with Disabilities
Unraveling The Matrix of Systems of Inequality
Chapter Summary
Thinking Critically
Key Terms

CHAPTER 9 DEVIANCE, CRIME, AND SOCIAL CONTROL
The Social Construction of Deviance
The Role of Power in Defining Deviance
Norms that Restrict Women
Appearance Norms
Motherhood Norms
Challenges to the Label "Deviant"
Deviance and Resistance
Deviance as Behavior Versus Deviance as Being
Resistance to Being Labeled Deviant for One's Behavior
Resistance to Being Labeled Deviant for One's Being
Crime as Deviance
Bias in the Treatment of Different Types of Crimes
The Case of White Collar and Corporate Crime
Explanations for Deviant Behavior
Physiological Explanations
Psychological Explanations
Social-Psychological Explanations
Differentia/Association Theory
Control Theory
Containment Theory
Social Reinforcement
Labeling Theory
Shortcomings of Social-Psychological Explanations
Sociological Explanations
Opportunity Structure Theory
Deviance and Capitalism
Crime and Punishment: Differential Application of Sanctions
Do Societies "Need" Deviant Behavior?
Deviance and Social Change
Chapter Summary
Thinking Critically
Key Terms

CHAPTER 10 SOCIAL CHANGE AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
The Meaning of Social Change
Explaining Social Change
Cyclical Theory
Evolutionary Theory
Equilibrium Theory
Marxist Theory
Modernization, Development, and Underdevelopment
The Meaning of Development
Dependency and Development
Trade Dependency
Dependent Development
Debt Dependency
Technological and Social Changes
Energy Production
Technological Change and the Labor Process
Technology and Reproductive Issues
Technological Innovation, Power, and Inequality
Social Movements
Types of Social Movements
Explaining Social Movements
Absolute versus Relative Deprivation
Resource Mobilization
External Forces
Chapter Summary
Thinking Critically
Key Terms

CHAPTER 11 THE STATE, CAPITAL AND POWER
The Relationship of State and Economy
Pluralism
Group Pluralism
Elite Pluralism
Power Elite Theory
The Military-Industrial Complex
A Power Elite Analysis of the State and Economy Relationship
Voting: Who Participates?
The State in Capitalist Society
Business Dominance Theory
Capitalist State Structuralist Theory
. Class Dialectics and the State
The State and Political Economy: New Federalism and Welfare "Reform"
New Federalism
Welfare Reform
Dismantling the Welfare State?
Chapter Summary
Thinking Critically
Key Terms

CHAPTER 12 WORK AND ECONOMY
The Meaning of Work
The Structure of the Formal Labor Market
The Changing Structure of Paid Work
Causes of the Structural Transformation of the Economy
Technology
The Global Economy
Capital Mobility
Investment Abroad
Runaway Shops
Mergers
Deindustrialization
Changing Corporate Organizational Structure
The Great Twenty-First-Century Economic Recession
Economic Structural Transformation and Inequality
Unemployment
Underemployment and Declining Income from Existing Jobs
Gendered and Racialized Inequality and the Labor Market
The Declining Middle Class
Prospects for Change
Chapter Summary
Thinking Critically
Key Terms

CHAPTER 13 FAMILIES
Defining Family
Diversity of Family Forms
Family Forms: Cultural Choice or Institutional Response?
Reasons for the Rise in Single-Parent Families
Divorce
Unwed Motherhood
Reasons for the Rise in Other Non traditional Family Forms
Poverty and Families
The Effect of State Policies
The Effect of Marital Dissolution
Poverty in Nontraditional Families
Family Dynamics and Family Issues
Family Violence
Power Differentials in the Family
Sources of Stress in Families
Prospects for Change: Reducing Family Violence
Reproductive and Parenting Rights and Issues
Contradictions between Work and Family
Future Trends
Chapter Summary
Thinking Critically
Key Terms

CHAPTER 14 EMERGING ISSUES
Global Population: The Youth Explosion of the Periphery and the Graying of the Core
The Youth Boom of the Periphery
The Graying of the Core
Environment: Toxic Imperialism and Environmental Racism
Toxic Imperialism
Environmental Racism
Technology and Globalization: The Digital Divide
Cyberspace and the Promise for Social Change
Globalization, Militarism, Terrorism, and Social Change
Export of Arms
Terrorism
Chapter Summary
Thinking Critically
Key Terms

REFERENCES
GLOSSARY