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The Structure of English Words

The Structure of English Words

Author(s): Clarence Sloat , Sharon Taylor

Edition: 5

Copyright: 2011

Pages: 256

Edition: 5

Copyright: 2011

Pages: 256

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A large vocabulary is always an asset. Students, teachers, politicians, salesmen, lawyers—in fact all of us—are judged by our ability to use words.

It is not surprising, therefore, that many books have been written on the subject of vocabulary enrichment. Most rely heavily on memorization. Fortunately, there is amore efficient and practical way to enlarge your vocabulary. Many words are composed of meaningful elements that occur again and again in English. It, therefore, makes sense to learn word elements rather than whole words whenever possible. This method requires much less effort than it would take to memorize all the words or even the various forms of word elements.

The Structure of English Words:

  • is based on modern linguistic principles. These methods allow the reader to analyze words they have never seen before and to understand unusual uses of familiar words.
  • is divided into two main sections—the text – which discusses the rules for relating the different forms or word elements, and the glossary, which covers the major Latin and Greek word roots and affixes that occur in English.
  • features a glossary of roots in reverse order so that the reader can find a root by looking up its meaning.
  • includes an instructors manual with answer keys, additional worksheets, explanations, charts and a note to instructors.

Preface
About the Authors
About the Contributors 

1 The English Vocabulary
1.1 Native Vocabulary
1.2 Borrowed Vocabulary
1.3 Learning New Vocabulary
1.4 UnfamiliarWords
1.5 Memorizing Basic Forms
1.6 Base Form Sets 1 and 2

2 Word Structure
2.1 Morphemes, the Units of Meaning
2.2 Classes of Morphemes
2.3 The Stem
2.4 The Stem Extender
2.5 Multiple Affixes
2.6 Base Form Sets 3 and 4

3 English Prefixes and Suffixes
3.1 English Prefixes
3.2 Relational Prefixes
3.3 Negative Prefixes
3.4 Numerical Prefixes
3.5 English Suffixes
3.6 Inflectional Suffixes
3.7 Derivational Suffixes
3.8 Verbal Suffixes
3.9 Adjectival Suffixes
3.10 Nominal Suffixes
3.11 The Adverbial Suffix
3.12 Common Suffixes
3.13 Base Form Sets 5 and 6

4 Morphological Rules
4.1 Variant Forms of Morphemes
4.2 Morphological Rules
4.3 Base Form Sets 7 and 8

5 Deletion Rules
5.1 Vowel Deletion
5.2 E-Deletion
5.3 S-Deletion
5.4 D-Deletion
5.5 Vowel-C-Deletion
5.6 N-Deletion
5.7 X-Deletion
5.8 Base Form Sets 9 and 10

6 Word Analysis
6.1 Word Analysis
6.2 TheWord Analysis Method
6.3 Word Analysis Tips
6.4 Summary
6.5 Base Form Sets 11 and 12

7 Change Rules
7.1 Assimilation
7.2 Weakening
7.3 Derivation
7.4 E-Change
7.5 T-Change
7.6 V-Change
7.7 Fused Forms
7.8 Base Form Sets 13 and 14

8 Other Rules
8.1 Addition Rules
8.2 Spelling Rules
8.3 Base Form Sets 15 and 16

9 Unpredictable Processes
9.1 Metathesis
9.2 Rhotacism
9.3 Ablaut
9.4 Latin-Greek Correspondences
9.5 Base Form Sets 17 and 18

10 Meaning Shift
10.1 Narrowing
10.2 Widening
10.3 Degeneration
10.4 Amelioration
10.5 Synecdoche
10.6 Association
10.7 Cultural Shift
10.8 Metaphor
10.9 Base Form Sets 19 and 20

11 Word Formation
11.1 Derivation
11.2 Compounding
11.3 Functional Shift
11.4 Back Formation
11.5 Clipping
11.6 Acronymy
11.7 Eponymy
11.8 Onomatopoeia
11.9 Blending
11.10 Root Creation
11.11 Folk Etymology
11.12 Combinations of Word Formation Processes
11.13 Base Form Sets 21 and 22

12 Summary of Rules and Glossary of Terms

13 Glossary of Base Forms and Reverse Glossary of Roots
Base Forms Index
Number Base Forms
Reverse Glossary of Roots
Using the Sloat-Taylor Glossary

Bibliography
Index 

Clarence Sloat
Clarence Sloat received his Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University of Washington in 1966, after which he was Professor of Linguistics and English at the University of Oregon for fifteen years, specializing in Amerindian Linguistics and Phonology. During that time he served as Director of Graduate Studies in the English Department for a year and as Director of Academic Services for the American English Institute for two years. He also served as Chair of the Linguistic Program and Head of the Linguistics Department for a total of twelve years. His awards include: Research Assistantship, National Science Foundation, University ofWashington; Advanced Linguistics Fellowship, American Council of Learned Societies; and Younger Humanist Fellowship, National Endowment for the Humanities. His other professional experience includes having served as President and CEO of Pacific Language Associates, a private education firm, for twenty-three years. He has authored and coauthored a number of articles and coauthored Introduction to Phonology in 1978. He is now retired, but still actively publishing articles on subjects involving Native Americans. 
Sharon Taylor
Sharon Taylor received her Bachelor of Arts degree (Phi Beta Kappa) in Anthropology in 1973 and her Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University of Oregon in 1980. Her dissertation was on the idiosyncratic properties of English words. From 1979 to 1981, she worked as Coordinator of Academic Services at the University of Oregon’s American English Institute and from 1981 to 2004 as Director of the Intensive English Institute at Lewis-Clark State College where she also taught word analysis to college students, international students, and high school teachers. She co-authored Introduction to Phonology in 1978 and has written a number of articles on teaching word analysis and on the properties of English words. She has also co-authored two handbooks on teaching word analysis in public schools. Although she is now retired, she still gives workshops on teaching word analysis. 

 

eBook Version 

You will receive access to this electronic text via email after using the shopping cart above to complete your purchase. 

 

A large vocabulary is always an asset. Students, teachers, politicians, salesmen, lawyers—in fact all of us—are judged by our ability to use words.

It is not surprising, therefore, that many books have been written on the subject of vocabulary enrichment. Most rely heavily on memorization. Fortunately, there is amore efficient and practical way to enlarge your vocabulary. Many words are composed of meaningful elements that occur again and again in English. It, therefore, makes sense to learn word elements rather than whole words whenever possible. This method requires much less effort than it would take to memorize all the words or even the various forms of word elements.

The Structure of English Words:

  • is based on modern linguistic principles. These methods allow the reader to analyze words they have never seen before and to understand unusual uses of familiar words.
  • is divided into two main sections—the text – which discusses the rules for relating the different forms or word elements, and the glossary, which covers the major Latin and Greek word roots and affixes that occur in English.
  • features a glossary of roots in reverse order so that the reader can find a root by looking up its meaning.
  • includes an instructors manual with answer keys, additional worksheets, explanations, charts and a note to instructors.

Preface
About the Authors
About the Contributors 

1 The English Vocabulary
1.1 Native Vocabulary
1.2 Borrowed Vocabulary
1.3 Learning New Vocabulary
1.4 UnfamiliarWords
1.5 Memorizing Basic Forms
1.6 Base Form Sets 1 and 2

2 Word Structure
2.1 Morphemes, the Units of Meaning
2.2 Classes of Morphemes
2.3 The Stem
2.4 The Stem Extender
2.5 Multiple Affixes
2.6 Base Form Sets 3 and 4

3 English Prefixes and Suffixes
3.1 English Prefixes
3.2 Relational Prefixes
3.3 Negative Prefixes
3.4 Numerical Prefixes
3.5 English Suffixes
3.6 Inflectional Suffixes
3.7 Derivational Suffixes
3.8 Verbal Suffixes
3.9 Adjectival Suffixes
3.10 Nominal Suffixes
3.11 The Adverbial Suffix
3.12 Common Suffixes
3.13 Base Form Sets 5 and 6

4 Morphological Rules
4.1 Variant Forms of Morphemes
4.2 Morphological Rules
4.3 Base Form Sets 7 and 8

5 Deletion Rules
5.1 Vowel Deletion
5.2 E-Deletion
5.3 S-Deletion
5.4 D-Deletion
5.5 Vowel-C-Deletion
5.6 N-Deletion
5.7 X-Deletion
5.8 Base Form Sets 9 and 10

6 Word Analysis
6.1 Word Analysis
6.2 TheWord Analysis Method
6.3 Word Analysis Tips
6.4 Summary
6.5 Base Form Sets 11 and 12

7 Change Rules
7.1 Assimilation
7.2 Weakening
7.3 Derivation
7.4 E-Change
7.5 T-Change
7.6 V-Change
7.7 Fused Forms
7.8 Base Form Sets 13 and 14

8 Other Rules
8.1 Addition Rules
8.2 Spelling Rules
8.3 Base Form Sets 15 and 16

9 Unpredictable Processes
9.1 Metathesis
9.2 Rhotacism
9.3 Ablaut
9.4 Latin-Greek Correspondences
9.5 Base Form Sets 17 and 18

10 Meaning Shift
10.1 Narrowing
10.2 Widening
10.3 Degeneration
10.4 Amelioration
10.5 Synecdoche
10.6 Association
10.7 Cultural Shift
10.8 Metaphor
10.9 Base Form Sets 19 and 20

11 Word Formation
11.1 Derivation
11.2 Compounding
11.3 Functional Shift
11.4 Back Formation
11.5 Clipping
11.6 Acronymy
11.7 Eponymy
11.8 Onomatopoeia
11.9 Blending
11.10 Root Creation
11.11 Folk Etymology
11.12 Combinations of Word Formation Processes
11.13 Base Form Sets 21 and 22

12 Summary of Rules and Glossary of Terms

13 Glossary of Base Forms and Reverse Glossary of Roots
Base Forms Index
Number Base Forms
Reverse Glossary of Roots
Using the Sloat-Taylor Glossary

Bibliography
Index 

Clarence Sloat
Clarence Sloat
Clarence Sloat received his Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University of Washington in 1966, after which he was Professor of Linguistics and English at the University of Oregon for fifteen years, specializing in Amerindian Linguistics and Phonology. During that time he served as Director of Graduate Studies in the English Department for a year and as Director of Academic Services for the American English Institute for two years. He also served as Chair of the Linguistic Program and Head of the Linguistics Department for a total of twelve years. His awards include: Research Assistantship, National Science Foundation, University ofWashington; Advanced Linguistics Fellowship, American Council of Learned Societies; and Younger Humanist Fellowship, National Endowment for the Humanities. His other professional experience includes having served as President and CEO of Pacific Language Associates, a private education firm, for twenty-three years. He has authored and coauthored a number of articles and coauthored Introduction to Phonology in 1978. He is now retired, but still actively publishing articles on subjects involving Native Americans. 
Sharon Taylor
Sharon Taylor
Sharon Taylor received her Bachelor of Arts degree (Phi Beta Kappa) in Anthropology in 1973 and her Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University of Oregon in 1980. Her dissertation was on the idiosyncratic properties of English words. From 1979 to 1981, she worked as Coordinator of Academic Services at the University of Oregon’s American English Institute and from 1981 to 2004 as Director of the Intensive English Institute at Lewis-Clark State College where she also taught word analysis to college students, international students, and high school teachers. She co-authored Introduction to Phonology in 1978 and has written a number of articles on teaching word analysis and on the properties of English words. She has also co-authored two handbooks on teaching word analysis in public schools. Although she is now retired, she still gives workshops on teaching word analysis.