Thermo-Fluid Engineering I
Edition: 1
Copyright: 2012
Pages: 336
Edition: 1
Copyright: 2012
Pages: 336
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Although there are many excellent introductory and advanced textbooks on thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, there are very few that deal with both topics. Of those that address both subjects, they tend to be divided into multiple parts that deal with thermodynamics and fluid mechanics separately.
Hence, Thermo-Fluid Engineering I, a course package specifically for use in teaching this introductory course—ENGI 2102: Thermo-Fluid Engineering I. The text is organized so as to clearly demonstrate commonalities between thermodynamics and fluid mechanics. Although the course package was specifically developed for ENGI 2102, it could potentially also be used for other combined introductory courses in thermodynamics and fluid mechanics.
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Fluids
1.1 Systems and Control Volumes
1.2 Properties of a System
1.3 Density and Specific Gravity
1.4 Classification of Fluid Flows
1.5 Viscosity
1.6 Surface Tension and Capillary Effects
1.7 Problems
Chapter 2: Fluid Statics 2.1 Pressure
2.2 Pressure-Elevation Relationships
2.2.1 Constant Density
2.2.2 Isothermal, Perfect Gas
2.2.3 Isentropic, Perfect Gas
2.3 Manometers
2.4 Buoyancy and Stability
2.5 Hydrostatic Forces of Submerged Surfaces
2.6 Tank Failures
2.7 Problems
Chapter 3: Work and Heat
3.1 Forms of Energy
3.1.1 Internal Energy
3.1.2 Kinetic Energy
3.1.3 Potential Energy
3.1.4 Mechanical Energy
3.1.5 Nuclear Energy
3.2 Energy Transfer3.3 Mechanical Forms of Work
3.3.1 Shaft Work
3.3.2 Spring Work
3.3.3 Non-Mechanical Forms of Work
3.4 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
3.5 Problems
Chapter 4: Thermodynamic Properties of Fluids
4.1 The P-v-T Surface
4.1.1. The P-v Diagram
4.1.2. The T-v Diagram
4.1.3. The P-T Diagram
4.2 Property Tables and Charts
4.3 The Ideal Gas Equation of State
4.4 Methods for Nonideal Gases
4.4.1 Cubic Equations of State
4.4.2 Generalized Compressibility Charts
4.5 Problems
Chapter 5: The First Law of Thermodynamics for Non-Flow Processes
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Specific Heats
5.3 Non-Flow Processes
5.3.1 The Constant-Temperature Process
5.3.2 The Constant-Volume Process
5.3.3 The Constant-Pressure Process
5.3.4 The Adiabatic Process
5.3.5 The Polytropic Process
5.4 Power Cycles
5.4.1 The Air-Standard Cycle
5.4.2 The Otto Cycle
5.4.3 The Diesel Cycle
5.5 Problems
Chapter 6: Flow Processes
6.1 The Continuity and Steady-Flow Energy Equations
6.2 Bernoulli’s Equation
6.3 Torricelli’s Equation
6.4 Application of Bernoulli’s Equation to Flow Measurement
6.4.1 The Pitot Tube
6.4.2 The Pitot-Static Tube
6.4.3 The Venturi Meter
6.4.4 The Orifice Meter
6.4.5 Nozzles
6.5 Engineering Applications of the Steady-Flow Energy Equation
6.5.1 Boiler and Condenser Systems
6.5.2 Turbo-Machinery
6.6 Problems
Chapter 7: Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
7.1 Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
7.1.1 Thermodynamic Spontaneity
7.1.2 Equivalence of the Kelvin and Clausius Statements
7.2 Reversible vs. Irreversible Processes
7.3 Heat Engines
7.4 The Carnot Cycle
7.5 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
7.6 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
7.7 Definition of Entropy
7.7.1 Mathematical Expression of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
7.7.2 The Molecular Interpretation of Entropy
7.8 Entropy Changes of Pure Substances
7.8.1 Property Diagrams (T-s and h-s)
7.8.2 The Tds Relations
7.8.3 Entropy Changes of Incompressible Substances
7.8.4 Entropy Changes of Ideal Gases
7.9 Reversible Steady-Flow Work
7.10 Entropy Balances
7.10.1 Entropy Balance for Closed Systems
7.10.2 Entropy Balance for Open Systems
7.11 Second Law Efficiencies
7.11.1 Isentropic Efficiency of Steady-Flow Devices
7.11.2 Second Law Efficiency
7.11.3 Lost Work
7.12 Problems
Chapter 8: Vapour Power and Refrigeration Cycles
8.1 Vapour Power Cycles
8.1.1 The Rankine Cycle
8.1.2 Improving the Efficiency of the Rankine Cycle
8.2 Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycles
8.3 Problems
Chapter 9: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems
9.1 Momentum
9.2 The Momentum Balance
9.3 Steady-Flow Applications of the Momentum Balance
Chapter 10: Internal Flow
10.1 Laminar Flow in Pipes
10.2 The Engineering Bernoulli Equation
10.3 The Fanning Friction Factor
10.4 Pipe Flow Problems
10.4.1 Unknown Driving Force
10.4.2 Unknown Flow Rate
10.4.3 Unknown Diameter
10.5 Pipe Flow Problems with Fittings
10.5.1 Unknown Driving Force
10.5.2 Unknown Flow Rate
10.5.3 Unknown Diameter
10.6 Non-circular Conduits
10.7 Problems
Appendix A: Unit Conversions and Basic Engineering Calculations
A.1 Units, Dimensions and Unit Conversions
A.2 Systems of Units
A.3 Force and Weight
A.4 Numerical Calculation and Estimation
A.5 Dimensional Homogeneity and Dimensionless Quantities
A.6 Linear Interpolation
A.7 Important Constants and Unit Conversion Factors
A.8 Problems
Appendix B: Physical Property Tables
B.1 Selected Physical Property Data
B.2 Properties of Common Solids
B.3 Properties of Common Gases at 1 atm
B.4 Properties of Common Liquids
B.5 Density Correlations for Liquids
B.6 Viscosity Correlations for Gases
B.7 Viscosity Correlations for Liquids
B.8 Heat Capacity Correlations for Gases
B.9 Heat Capacity Correlations for Liquids
B.10 Surface Tension Correlations for Common Liquids
Appendix C: Tables and Charts for Internal Flow Calculations
C.1 Dimensions of Standard Pipe
C.2 Standard Tube Gauges
Appendix D: Steam Tables
D.1 Saturated Steam Pressure Table
D.2 Saturated Steam Temperature Table
D.3 Superheated Steam Tables
D.4 Compressed Liquid Water Tables
Appendix E: Miscellaneous Property Charts
E.1 Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Steam
E.2 Enthalpy-Entropy (Mollier) Diagram for Steam
E.3 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Air
E.4 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Ammonia
E.5 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 22
E.6 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 134a
Appendix F: Answers to Chapter Problems
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Fluids
Chapter 2: Fluid Statics
Chapter 3: Work and Heat
Chapter 4: Thermodynamic Properties of Fluids
Chapter 5: The First Law of Thermodynamics for Non-Flow Processes
Chapter 6: Flow Processes
Chapter 7: Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter 8: Vapour Power and Refrigeration Cycles
Chapter 10: Internal Flow
Appendix A: Unit Conversions and Basic Engineering Calculations
Although there are many excellent introductory and advanced textbooks on thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, there are very few that deal with both topics. Of those that address both subjects, they tend to be divided into multiple parts that deal with thermodynamics and fluid mechanics separately.
Hence, Thermo-Fluid Engineering I, a course package specifically for use in teaching this introductory course—ENGI 2102: Thermo-Fluid Engineering I. The text is organized so as to clearly demonstrate commonalities between thermodynamics and fluid mechanics. Although the course package was specifically developed for ENGI 2102, it could potentially also be used for other combined introductory courses in thermodynamics and fluid mechanics.
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Fluids
1.1 Systems and Control Volumes
1.2 Properties of a System
1.3 Density and Specific Gravity
1.4 Classification of Fluid Flows
1.5 Viscosity
1.6 Surface Tension and Capillary Effects
1.7 Problems
Chapter 2: Fluid Statics 2.1 Pressure
2.2 Pressure-Elevation Relationships
2.2.1 Constant Density
2.2.2 Isothermal, Perfect Gas
2.2.3 Isentropic, Perfect Gas
2.3 Manometers
2.4 Buoyancy and Stability
2.5 Hydrostatic Forces of Submerged Surfaces
2.6 Tank Failures
2.7 Problems
Chapter 3: Work and Heat
3.1 Forms of Energy
3.1.1 Internal Energy
3.1.2 Kinetic Energy
3.1.3 Potential Energy
3.1.4 Mechanical Energy
3.1.5 Nuclear Energy
3.2 Energy Transfer3.3 Mechanical Forms of Work
3.3.1 Shaft Work
3.3.2 Spring Work
3.3.3 Non-Mechanical Forms of Work
3.4 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
3.5 Problems
Chapter 4: Thermodynamic Properties of Fluids
4.1 The P-v-T Surface
4.1.1. The P-v Diagram
4.1.2. The T-v Diagram
4.1.3. The P-T Diagram
4.2 Property Tables and Charts
4.3 The Ideal Gas Equation of State
4.4 Methods for Nonideal Gases
4.4.1 Cubic Equations of State
4.4.2 Generalized Compressibility Charts
4.5 Problems
Chapter 5: The First Law of Thermodynamics for Non-Flow Processes
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Specific Heats
5.3 Non-Flow Processes
5.3.1 The Constant-Temperature Process
5.3.2 The Constant-Volume Process
5.3.3 The Constant-Pressure Process
5.3.4 The Adiabatic Process
5.3.5 The Polytropic Process
5.4 Power Cycles
5.4.1 The Air-Standard Cycle
5.4.2 The Otto Cycle
5.4.3 The Diesel Cycle
5.5 Problems
Chapter 6: Flow Processes
6.1 The Continuity and Steady-Flow Energy Equations
6.2 Bernoulli’s Equation
6.3 Torricelli’s Equation
6.4 Application of Bernoulli’s Equation to Flow Measurement
6.4.1 The Pitot Tube
6.4.2 The Pitot-Static Tube
6.4.3 The Venturi Meter
6.4.4 The Orifice Meter
6.4.5 Nozzles
6.5 Engineering Applications of the Steady-Flow Energy Equation
6.5.1 Boiler and Condenser Systems
6.5.2 Turbo-Machinery
6.6 Problems
Chapter 7: Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
7.1 Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
7.1.1 Thermodynamic Spontaneity
7.1.2 Equivalence of the Kelvin and Clausius Statements
7.2 Reversible vs. Irreversible Processes
7.3 Heat Engines
7.4 The Carnot Cycle
7.5 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
7.6 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
7.7 Definition of Entropy
7.7.1 Mathematical Expression of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
7.7.2 The Molecular Interpretation of Entropy
7.8 Entropy Changes of Pure Substances
7.8.1 Property Diagrams (T-s and h-s)
7.8.2 The Tds Relations
7.8.3 Entropy Changes of Incompressible Substances
7.8.4 Entropy Changes of Ideal Gases
7.9 Reversible Steady-Flow Work
7.10 Entropy Balances
7.10.1 Entropy Balance for Closed Systems
7.10.2 Entropy Balance for Open Systems
7.11 Second Law Efficiencies
7.11.1 Isentropic Efficiency of Steady-Flow Devices
7.11.2 Second Law Efficiency
7.11.3 Lost Work
7.12 Problems
Chapter 8: Vapour Power and Refrigeration Cycles
8.1 Vapour Power Cycles
8.1.1 The Rankine Cycle
8.1.2 Improving the Efficiency of the Rankine Cycle
8.2 Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycles
8.3 Problems
Chapter 9: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems
9.1 Momentum
9.2 The Momentum Balance
9.3 Steady-Flow Applications of the Momentum Balance
Chapter 10: Internal Flow
10.1 Laminar Flow in Pipes
10.2 The Engineering Bernoulli Equation
10.3 The Fanning Friction Factor
10.4 Pipe Flow Problems
10.4.1 Unknown Driving Force
10.4.2 Unknown Flow Rate
10.4.3 Unknown Diameter
10.5 Pipe Flow Problems with Fittings
10.5.1 Unknown Driving Force
10.5.2 Unknown Flow Rate
10.5.3 Unknown Diameter
10.6 Non-circular Conduits
10.7 Problems
Appendix A: Unit Conversions and Basic Engineering Calculations
A.1 Units, Dimensions and Unit Conversions
A.2 Systems of Units
A.3 Force and Weight
A.4 Numerical Calculation and Estimation
A.5 Dimensional Homogeneity and Dimensionless Quantities
A.6 Linear Interpolation
A.7 Important Constants and Unit Conversion Factors
A.8 Problems
Appendix B: Physical Property Tables
B.1 Selected Physical Property Data
B.2 Properties of Common Solids
B.3 Properties of Common Gases at 1 atm
B.4 Properties of Common Liquids
B.5 Density Correlations for Liquids
B.6 Viscosity Correlations for Gases
B.7 Viscosity Correlations for Liquids
B.8 Heat Capacity Correlations for Gases
B.9 Heat Capacity Correlations for Liquids
B.10 Surface Tension Correlations for Common Liquids
Appendix C: Tables and Charts for Internal Flow Calculations
C.1 Dimensions of Standard Pipe
C.2 Standard Tube Gauges
Appendix D: Steam Tables
D.1 Saturated Steam Pressure Table
D.2 Saturated Steam Temperature Table
D.3 Superheated Steam Tables
D.4 Compressed Liquid Water Tables
Appendix E: Miscellaneous Property Charts
E.1 Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Steam
E.2 Enthalpy-Entropy (Mollier) Diagram for Steam
E.3 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Air
E.4 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Ammonia
E.5 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 22
E.6 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 134a
Appendix F: Answers to Chapter Problems
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Fluids
Chapter 2: Fluid Statics
Chapter 3: Work and Heat
Chapter 4: Thermodynamic Properties of Fluids
Chapter 5: The First Law of Thermodynamics for Non-Flow Processes
Chapter 6: Flow Processes
Chapter 7: Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter 8: Vapour Power and Refrigeration Cycles
Chapter 10: Internal Flow
Appendix A: Unit Conversions and Basic Engineering Calculations