The Tourism System
Edition: 8
Copyright: 2018
Edition: 8
Copyright: 2018
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Tourism System: a set of interrelated parts working together toward shared outcomes and goals.
The Tourism System, under the guidance of a new authoring team, have made this new 8th edition more global in scope through examples, cases, and approximately 120 Quick Trips.
The Tourism System:
- has been revised with learners in mind; it is written in a much more student-friendly tone.
- is visually appealing - the improved illustration program includes several new contributions from the authors themselves.
- features expanded and enhanced Quick Trips illustrating important practical issues, applications of management concepts, or significant trends in tourism that engage the reader and stimulate class discussion.
- includes new Quick Trips that have been more closely integrated with the contents of each chapter.
The Tourism System includes 17 chapters, divided among four part topics:
- Destination – chapters 1-6 better represent the new realities of destination management and give a greater emphasis on sustainable tourism and visitor experiences.
- Marketing – chapters 7-9 give a concise but comprehensive introduction to tourism marketing functions. Chapter 9, Tourism Products and Experience Development, is new to this edition.
- Demand – chapters 10-14 reflect rapidly changing aspects of contemporary visitor behavior including the changing role and impact of technology (mobile devices, websites, and virtual reality on traveler mobility, diaspora, and behavior). Chapter 11, Tourism Experience, is new.
- Travel – chapters 15-17 explore mobility and the organizations that facilitate travel through the Tourism System.
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
PART ONE DESTINATION: Planning, Developing, and Controlling Tourism
CHAPTER ONE The Tourism System and Destinations
Your Learning Destination
What You Need to Know
Breaking the Ice
Key Takeaway Points
Let’s Explore the Tourism System
Why Use a Systems Approach for the Study of Tourism?
The Tourism System Model
Terminology
The Tourism Destination System
Summary
Activities
References
Additional Resources
CHAPTER TWO Tourism Impacts
Your Learning Destination
What You Need to Know
Breaking the Ice
Key Takeaway Points
Sustainability and Tourism
Economic Impacts of Tourism
Tourism Changes Societies
Social and Cultural Impacts of Tourism
Environmental Impacts of Tourism
Measuring the Impacts of Tourism
A System’s Response to Tourism Impacts
Summary
Activities
Acronyms
References
CHAPTER THREE Government Involvement, Tourism Policy, and Organizations
Your Learning Destination
What You Need to Know
Breaking the Ice
Key Takeaway Points
Reasons for Government Involvement in Tourism
Government Roles in Tourism
Tourism Policy and Policy-Setting Process
Tourism Organizations
Summary
Activities
Acronyms
References
Additional Resources
CHAPTER FOUR Tourism Legislation and Regulation
Your Learning Destination
What You Need to Know
Breaking the Ice
Key Takeaway Points
Government Role in Controlling Tourism
Reasons for Destination Legislation and Regulations
Destination Area Legislation and Regulations
Self-Regulation in Tourism
Multilateral and Bilateral Agreements
Summary
Activities
Acronyms
References
CHAPTER FIVE Tourism Destination Planning
Your Learning Destination
What You Need to Know
Breaking the Ice
Key Takeaway Points
Reasons for Tourism Destination Planning
Potential Barriers to Tourism Destination Planning
Purposes of Tourism Destination Planning
Framework for Tourism Destination Planning
Levels of Tourism Planning
Tourism Destination Planning Process
Summary
Activities
Acronyms
References
CHAPTER SIX Sustainable Tourism Development
Your Learning Destination
What You Need to Know
Breaking the Ice
Key Takeaway Points
Building a Sustainable Future for Tourism
Categories of Tourism Developments
Tourism Planning and Tourism Development
Roles in Tourism Development
Analysis of Individual Project Development Opportunities
Summary
Activities
Acronyms
References
PART TWO MARKETING: Strategy, Planning, Branding, and Promotion
CHAPTER SEVEN Tourism Marketing
Your Learning Destination
What You Need to Know
Breaking the Ice
Key Takeaway Points
What Is Tourism Marketing?
Marketing Orientation
Understanding Your Consumer
The Marketing Toolbox
Branding In the Tourism System
Marketing Planning Process
Summary
Activities
Acronyms
References
CHAPTER EIGHT Tourism Promotion
Your Learning Destination
What You Need to Know
Breaking the Ice
Key Takeaway Points
Promotions = Communications
Decoding the Message and Action
Goals and Types of Promotion
The Promotional Toolbox
Integrated Marketing Communication
Planning Promotions
Promotions Planning Process
DMOs and Tourism Promotion
Summary
Activities
Acronyms
References
CHAPTER NINE Tourism Products and Experience Development
Your Learning Destination
What You Need to Know
Breaking the Ice
Key Takeaway Points
Products and Services
Tourism Products Are Unique
Experiences
The Elements of the Experience
The Product Toolbox
Product Development Planning Process
Product Renewal and the Product Life Cycle
Product/Market Portfolios
Summary
Activities
Acronyms
References
PART THREE DEMAND: Factors Influencing Visitors
CHAPTER TEN Tourism Motivation and Travel Benefits
Your Learning Destination
What You Need to Know
Breaking the Ice
Key Takeaway Points
Fundamental Human Needs
Travel Need, Want, Motivation, and Benefit
Travel Motivation Theories
Travel Benefits
Destination Restorative Qualities
Summary
Activities
References
Additional Readings
CHAPTER ELEVEN Tourism Experience
Your Learning Destination
What You Need to Know
Breaking the Ice
Key Takeaway Points
What Is a Tourism Experience?
Aesthetics and Tourism Experience
Authenticity and Localness in Tourism Experience
Sense of Place
Flow in Visitor Experience
Experience Theming
Experience Cueing
Destination Activity Participation
Technology Mediated Tourism Experience
Summary
Activities
References
Additional Readings
CHAPTER TWELVE Travel Purchase
Your Learning Destination
What You Need to Know
Breaking the Ice
Key Takeaway Points
Traveler Decision-Making
Theory of Planned Behavior
Theory of Consumption Values
The Traveler’s Buying Process
Travel Information and Decision Support
Summary
Activities
References
Additional Readings
CHAPTER THIRTEEN Forces Shaping Tourism
Your Learning Destination
What You Need to Know
Breaking the Ice
Key Takeaway Points
The Effects of Culture on Travel
The Effect of Time on Travel
The Effect of Sociodemographics on Tourism Demand
Life Cycle Effect
Traveler Psychographic Characteristics
Traveler Perceptions and Destination Image
Summary
Activities
References
Additional Readings
CHAPTER FOURTEEN Traveler Segments
Your Learning Destination
What You Need to Know
Breaking the Ice
Key Takeaway Points
The Business Travel Market
The Leisure Travel Market
Summary
Activities
References
Additional Readings
PART FOUR TRAVEL: Travel Flows, Distribution, and Transportation
CHAPTER FIFTEEN The Evolution of Travel and Travel Flows
Your Learning Destination
What You Need to Know
Breaking the Ice
Key Takeaway Points
The Evolution of Travel
Travel Flows
Travel Forecasts and Trends
Summary
Activities
References
CHAPTER SIXTEEN Travel Trade Intermediaries
Your Learning Destination
What You Need to Know
Breaking the Ice
Key Takeaway Points
Tourism Intermediaries—A Marketing Perspective
Direct, Indirect, and Multichannel Distribution Channels
Distribution Mix Strategies
Integration and Classification of Channels
Travel Intermediaries
Travel Intermediaries: Travel Agencies
Summary
Activities
References
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Traveling—Transportation Modes and Carriers
Your Learning Destination
What You Need to Know
Breaking the Ice
Key Takeaway Points
Getting Around: Mobility in the Modern World
Getting There: Planes, Trains, and Automobiles
Planes and the Passenger Aviation System
Trains and Passenger Rail Systems
Automobiles and the Highway System
Taking “Home” with You When You Go
Rental Cars and Car Share
Buses and Motor Coaches
At the Destination
When Travel Is the Destination
Summary
Activities
Acronyms
References
Glossary
Index
Alastair is the CEO of Belle Tourism International Consulting, Ltd. (BTI) and a Distinguished Professor Emeritus of the School of Hospitality and Tourism Management at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. He serves as a Visiting Professor at the University of Greenwich in London and is Co-Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Tourism Cities. Alastair is a consultant to the Bandung Institute of Tourism (Indonesia) and Hubei University of Economics (China) on postgraduate studies and research.
Alastair is the author of five books in tourism marketing and development, and hospitality and travel marketing—The Tourism System, Marketing and Managing Tourism Destinations, Hospitality and Travel Marketing, Global Marketing of China Tourism, and Tourism: Bridges across Continents. He has contributed more than 150 articles to tourism and hospitality academic research journals as well.
Alastair received several teaching awards and honors at Purdue University, including the university-wide Murphy Award for Outstanding Undergraduate Teaching. His name has been entered in Purdue’s Book of Great Teachers. In 1998, the International Society of Travel & Tourism Educators (ISTTE) selected him as the recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award for his contributions to tourism education. Alastair has been elected as a Fellow of the world’s most elite organization of tourism scholars, the International Academy for the Study of Tourism (IAST), and to the Hospitality and Tourism Management Academy.
Alastair has had a wide variety of experience in global tourism. He has provided marketing and development advice in Australia, Bahrain, Cabo Verde, Cambodia, China, Ghana, Honduras, Hong Kong SAR, India, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, Macao SAR, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, Russia, Scotland, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, and Vietnam. Recently, he designed a training program in destination management for Indonesia and has developed and facilitated training programs on behalf of the UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) for eight South Asian countries and the China-Tibet Tourism Bureau, European Union, the U.S. Agency for International Development, Swisscontact, and Destinations International.
Alastair is active in several major industry associations. He is a co-founder and has been the President and Past- President of the International Tourism Studies Association (ITSA). He has served as Chairman of the Travel & Tourism Research Association (TTRA)–Canada Chapter, Board member of the CenStates TTRA Chapter, Vice President of the International Society of Travel and Tourism Educators (ISTTE), and Chairman of Association of Travel Marketing Executives (ATME). He was awarded the distinction as one of the first recipients of the Certified Travel Marketing Executive (CTME) designation from ATME. He has designed and presented the Destination Marketing Planning, Travel Information & Research, International Tourism & Convention Marketing, and Communications and Technology in Destination Management courses for Destinations International as part of its Certified Destination Management Executive (CDME) Program.
Previously, Alastair was a Visiting Professor at Peking University and at the University of Strathclyde Business School, Scotland. He also served as the Queensland Tourist & Travel Corporation Visiting Lecturer at James Cook University in Queensland, Australia. He has taught tourism marketing and promotion at National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism Management (Taiwan), University of Monterrey (Mexico), Hong Kong University, IULM (Milan, Italy) and AILUN (Sardinia, Italy).
Prior to joining the Purdue faculty, Alastair worked in Canada as a management consultant in hospitality and tourism, most recently as President of The Economic Planning Group of Canada (EPG).
Xinran Y. Lehto is a Professor at the School of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Purdue University. She is an Associate Editor of the Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, and serves on the Editorial Boards of five other international academic journals. She is currently the President of the International Tourism Studies Association. Prior to her academic appointments, Dr. Lehto worked in the travel and tourism industry as a marketing officer for China National Tourism Administration (CNTA) and a planning executive for Chan Brothers Travel, Singapore.
Dr. Lehto is well-published. She has over one hundred research publications in refereed international journals including the top-rated Annals of Tourism Research, Tourism Management, and Journal of Travel Research. Dr. Lehto is the recipient of multiple Best Paper awards from various international conferences and Article of the Year awards from two refereed journals.
Dr. Lehto’s research expertise area is tourism marketing. Her research addresses how destinations can effectively market experience-based vacation products to unique segments such as family travelers. Much of her work is concerned with developing understanding of how visitors interact with a destination through leisure and hospitality experiences; what outcomes and benefits tourism provides; and how personal, interpersonal, and cultural factors influence destination experience design, marketing practices, and visitor satisfaction.
Dr. Lehto emphasizes the ramifications of her research to the travel and tourism sector. She disseminates her research in a wide variety of forums including international conferences and colloquia, refereed journal articles, technical reports, and public presentations. She has worked closely with community agencies to evaluate and develop programs and strategies related to tourism and leisure services.
Dr. Jonathon Day, an Associate Professor in Purdue’s School of Hospitality and Tourism Management, has over twenty-five years’ experience in tourism management. He is the founder and President of Placemark Solutions, Inc. An award-winning marketer, Dr. Day has worked with destination management organizations in Australia, New Zealand, and the Americas.
Dr. Day is committed to ensuring tourism is a force for good in the world. He is the author of “Introduction to Sustainable Tourism and Responsible Travel,” as well as over twenty-five peer-reviewed articles in journals including Tourism Analysis, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, Annals of Tourism Research, and International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. He currently chairs the Travel Care Code (travelcarecode.org), a network of academic and marketing organizations promoting responsible travel.
Dr. Day is active in several industry organizations. He is Chair of Tourism Innovation Partnership for Social Entrepreneurship, Chair of the Global Sustainable Tourism Council’s Communication and Membership Workgroup, and a member of the Executive of Tourism Education Futures Initiative. He is a past President of Travel & Tourism Marketing Association, past Board Member of the Hospitality Sales and Marketing Association International (HSMAI), and a past Trustee of the HSMAI Foundation.
Dr. Day speaks regularly on destination management and sustainable tourism. He has conducted training in Australia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, New Zealand, and the United States. He has developed and facilitated training programs for the United Nations World Tourism Organization, the Global Sustainable Tourism Council, and Destinations International’s Certified Destination Management Executive (CDME) program.
Dr. Day’s interests focus on sustainable tourism, responsible travel, and strategic destination governance within the tourism system. He is interested in the role of business in solving grand challenges through corporate social responsibility programs and social entrepreneurship.
A well researched text, The Tourism System provides tourism students with a great introduction to the world’s largest industry and serves as a reference that they will keep coming back to - long after the class is over.
Jonathon Day, Purdue University
This edition of The Tourism System is as useful as the first was several years ago, as it focus on the main issues of the tourism sector, as well new ones that are constantly emerging. Cláudia RIbeiro de Almeida, Tourism Course Director, University of Algarve - ESGHT, Faro, Portugal
The Tourism System is very thorough and provides significant detail into the workings of the tourism system, from a local, national, and international scope. Jim Bennett, Senior Lecturer, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis
Tourism is a major source of revenue for every state in the union. Indeed, a great many areas of the country are very strongly dependent on their tourist seasons. Tourism is big business and one that is constantly evolving and competitive for tourist dollars. Now in a completely updated and expanded seventh edition, "The Tourism System" by Robert Christie Mill (University of Denver) and Alastair M. Morrison (Belle Tourism International Consulting) is a 427 page textbook offering a complete course under one cover on successfully developing and marketing tourism. In particular, the chapters dedicated to tourism marketing strategies, planning, promotion, and distribution, as well as the section identifying the factors involved people's vacation making decisions, travel destination decisions, and travel purchases. Superbly organized and presented, "The Tourism System" is an ideal curriculum textbook and should be a part of every professional and academic library reference collection.
Review in the October 2013 issue of Library Bookwatch, The Midwest Book Review
Quick Trip 1.1 Tourists vs. Travelers
Quick Trip 1.2 When Is a Train Not Just a Train?
Quick Trip 1.3 A Hotel Does Not Need to Be a Box
Quick Trip 1.4 The Best Cities to Shop until You Drop
Quick Trip 1.5 What Are the Friendliest Cities in the World?
Quick Trip 1.6 Best Destination Rankings
Quick Trip 1.7 The 10 As of Successful Destinations
Quick Trip 2.1 The Global Impact of Tourism
Quick Trip 2.2 The Impacts of Tourism on the United States
Quick Trip 2.3 Tourism Breaking Down Barriers
Quick Trip 2.4 Tourism Fighting Human Trafficking
Quick Trip 2.5 The Tourism Satellite Account Results for New Zealand
Quick Trip 2.6 Using Tourism as a Tool for Development
Quick Trip 2.7 Travel Care Code
Quick Trip 3.1 Policy Issues in Tourism in Belize
Quick Trip 3.2 Australia’s Tourism 2020
Quick Trip 3.3 Brand USA
Quick Trip 3.4 Destination Canada
Quick Trip 3.5 Tourism Organizations in Queensland
Quick Trip 3.6 Influential International Industry Organizations in Tourism
Quick Trip 4.1 The Impacts of Government Travel Advisories
Quick Trip 4.2 IUCN Protected Area Classification
Quick Trip 4.3 The Ontario Travel Industry Compensation Fund
Quick Trip 4.4 Destination Marketing Accreditation Program of Destinations International
Quick Trip 4.5 The Global Code of Ethics for Tourism
Quick Trip 4.6 Regulating and Managing Inappropriate and Disruptive Visitor Behavior
Quick Trip 4.7 Criteria for the World Heritage List
Quick Trip 5.1 A Tourism Plan to Tackle Seasonality at Punta del Este
Quick Trip 5.2 Communicating the Kuala Lumpur Tourism Master Plan
Quick Trip 5.3 Baseline Analysis of Macao’s Tourism
Quick Trip 5.4 A Research-Based Approach to Curaçao’s Tourism Master Plan
Quick Trip 5.5 Goals and Strategies for Tourism in Minneapolis
Quick Trip 5.6 Key Performance Measures for Murray Region (Australia) Strategic Plan
Quick Trip 6.1 Eden Project Sustainability Policy
Quick Trip 6.2 Product Clubs: A Trend in Tourism Development
Quick Trip 6.3 Whistler Blackcomb Targets a Zero Footprint
Quick Trip 6.4 The “Battle” of Benoa Bay, Bali, Indonesia
Quick Trip 6.5 Paradores de Turismo de España, S.A.—A Model of Sustainable Tourism
Quick Trip 6.6 Unsustainable Tourism: White Elephants on the Landscape
Quick Trip 7.1 Marketing Trends in Latin America
Quick Trip 7.2 Trapping the MICE: Business Events Are Very Important in Tourism Marketing
Quick Trip 7.3 Virtual and Augmented Reality in the Tourism System
Quick Trip 7.4 Destination Next and the Future of Destination Management Organizations
Quick Trip 7.5 Nova Scotia’s Strategic Planning for Tourism
Quick Trip 8.1 I AM OUTSTANDING: A Model for Effective Tourism Websites
Quick Trip 8.2 The New Influencers
Quick Trip 8.3 GoPro and Australia: Creating Compelling Promotional Messages
Quick Trip 8.4 Google and Tourism Marketing
Quick Trip 8.5 California YouTube Campaign and Dream365TV
Quick Trip 9.1 Canada Embraces Experiential Travel
Quick Trip 9.2 Creating Customer Experiences
Quick Trip 9.3 Hotels Meet the Needs of Millennials
Quick Trip 9.4 Experiential Tourists and “Agile Tours”
Quick Trip 9.5 Qualmark Is New Zealand Tourism’s Official Quality Assurance Program
Quick Trip 10.1 How Does Airbnb Motivate People to Stay with Them?
Quick Trip 10.2 Why Do People Take Family Reunion Trips?
Quick Trip 10.3 Why Volunteer While on Vacation?
Quick Trip 10.4 Sandals: All You Need Is Love
Quick Trip 10.5 The Historically Motivated Traveler
Quick Trip 10.6 Feel the Pull: Is a Great Place to Live a Good Place to Visit?
Quick Trip 10.7 Traveler Fascination with Islands
Quick Trip 10.8 Food as Vehicle in Creating Perceptual Distance In Tourism
Quick Trip 10.9 Smartphone Obsession on a Trip
Quick Trip 10.10 Have Time, Will Vacation
Quick Trip 10.11 Can People Be De-Motivated to Travel?
Quick Trip 11.1 Aesthetic Appreciation
Quick Trip 11.2 What Is in a Native Species?
Quick Trip 11.3 Flow on the Water
Quick Trip 11.4 Let’s Take a Ride with the Tour Guide to See the Real Thing
Quick Trip 11.5 Youth Hostels and Local Elements
Quick Trip 11.6 Do As the Romans Do or Not? Or Does It Matter?
Quick Trip 11.7 Mt. Hood Adventure Activity Development Scheme
Quick Trip 11.8 Bundling for a Good Experience for the Visitors
Quick Trip 12.1 Is It Safe to Visit?
Quick Trip 12.2 Your Friends Influence You More Than You Think
Quick Trip 12.3 Heuristic Cues and Hotel Review Information Trustworthiness
Quick Trip 12.4 Marketing Deception: A Tale as Old as Time
Quick Trip 12.5 Accommodating the Changing Traveler
Quick Trip 12.6 The Creative Industry as Travel Information Source: Where the Films Go, the Fans Follow
Quick Trip 12.7 No Apps, No Trips: Useful Travel Apps
Quick Trip 12.8 I Unlike You, Facebook Style
Quick Trip 12.9 Micro Information Moments
Quick Trip 12.10 Millennial Traveler Information Use
Quick Trip 13.1 National Culture Comparison: Australia versus China
Quick Trip 13.2 Culturally-Oriented Hotel Amenity and Service Design
Quick Trip 13.3 The United States Culture
Quick Trip 13.4 China’s Golden Travel Week
Quick Trip 13.5 Gender Differences in a Delightful Hotel Experience
Quick Trip 13.6 Perception of Distance
Quick Trip 13.7 Anxiety and Worry in the Age of Permanxiety
Quick Trip 13.8 Be Remembered
Quick Trip 13.9 Framing in Action: 100% Pure New Zealand Campaign
Quick Trip 14.1 Managed Travel: Travel and Expenses Management for Business Travelers
Quick Trip 14.2 The Bleisure Travelers
Quick Trip 14.3 Will Technology Reduce Business Travel?
Quick Trip 14.4 Mega-Events: The William and Kate Effect
Quick Trip 14.5 Singapore as a MICE Destination
Quick Trip 14.6 Meetings and Conventions Going Green
Quick Trip 14.7 The Traveling Men
Quick Trip 14.8 Travel on Top: What Do Affluent Travelers Want?
Quick Trip 14.9 Cycling as an Urban Tourism Experience: Bikers and Super Biking Trails
Quick Trip 14.10 Adventure Travel Experiences
Quick Trip 14.11 Changing Legacy
Quick Trip 14.12 Can Cultural Dissimilarity Always Be a Cultural Tourism Resource?
Quick Trip 14.13 An Ideal American Vacation Trip
Quick Trip 15.1 The Silk Road Heritage Corridors and UNWTO Silk Road Programme
Quick Trip 15.2 The Return of the Deck Chairs. Revival of UK Seaside Resorts
Quick Trip 15.3 The Digital Dilemma
Quick Trip 15.4 The New Golden Hordes? Chinese Tourists on Their National Holidays
Quick Trip 15.5 The Fastest-Growing Destinations in the World
Quick Trip 15.6 It’s My Bleisure. How to Confuse the Number-Counters
Quick Trip 16.1 Cruise Lines and Retail Travel Agencies: A Profitable Relationship
Quick Trip 16.2 Demystifying the Digital Marketplace for Hoteliers
Quick Trip 16.3 Taking the Oath for Travel Agencies: The American Society of Travel Agents Code of Ethics
Quick Trip 16.4 The Advantages of Tours and Packages According to the U.S. Tour Operators Association ( USTOA)
Quick Trip 16.5 TUI and Sustainable Supply Chain Management
Quick Trip 16.6 The Power of Travel Guidebooks
Quick Trip 16.7 New Intermediaries in the Sharing Economy
Quick Trip 17.1 The Future of Aviation
Quick Trip 17.2 High-Speed Rail in the United States and Canada
Quick Trip 17.3 One of a Kind
Quick Trip 17.4 The Largest Cruise Ships
Quick Trip 17.5 Space—The New Frontier for Tourism