Windows into the History and Philosophy of Education
Edition: 1
Copyright: 2020
Pages: 270
Edition: 1
Copyright: 2020
Pages: 232
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Windows into the History and Philosophy of Education is designed for readers with an understanding of the general history of education and the philosophies that have motivated educators of the past. It provides reads with historical and philosophical foundations of education, a list of significant educational thinkers of the past, an overview of select educational theories, and strategies for formulating one’s personal philosophy of education.
Windows into the History and Philosophy of Education:
- Is Comprehensive! It Is divided into 17 chapters – each of which is a window into a period of time that highlights particular individuals and educational developments during that time.
- Promotes Comprehension! Key Terms and Topics are bolded and highlighted at the beginning of each chapter and within the framework of the content.
- Encourages Self Reflection! Each chapter includes questions that help readers to review content from the chapter itself and to encourage exploration into supplementary sources for further research.
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
INTRODUCTION
History as Windows and Lenses
A Personal Lens: Situation to Self
Overview
Focus: Key Topics and Terms
Mirrors: Reflections into One’s Own Beliefs i
CHAPTER 1: ANCIENT ATHENS: BIRTHPLACE OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY
Philosophical Milieu of Ancient Athens
Stoics
Epicureans
Skeptics and Sophists
Plato’s Idealism
Aristotle’s Realism
Reflection
CHAPTER 2: AUGUSTINE: IDEALISM THROUGH A CHRISTIAN LENS
Background and Context
Learning in Community
Augustine’s Philosophy of Education
Augustine’s Epistemology
Augustine’s Curriculum and Instruction
Reflection
CHAPTER 3: THOMAS AQUINAS: REALISM THROUGH A CHRISTIAN LENS
Background and Context
Epistemological Arguments Related to the Nature and Acquisition of Truth
Aquinas’s Theory Applied to Curriculum and Instruction
Through Time and Other Lenses
Reflection
CHAPTER 4: FIFTEENTH-CENTURY ATLANTIC WORLD
The Americas
Africa
Europe
Reflection
CHAPTER 5: REFORMATION AND THE EXPLOSION OF LEARNING
Martin Luther’s Ideas and Influence on Education
Printing and the Dissemination of Ideas
Priesthood of All Believers: Literacy and Vocation
Intersection of Luther’s Theology and Educational Philosophy
Other Reformers and Their Influence on Educational Developments
Philipp Melanchthon
Desiderius Erasmus
John Calvin
Reflection
CHAPTER 6: JESUITS IN THE ATLANTIC WORLD, 1500s-1700s
The Americas and Jesuit Education
Africa and Jesuit Education
Reflection
CHAPTER 7: SLAVERY IN THE NEW WORLD
Demographics and Assimilation of North American Enslaved People
Living, Working, and Learning Environments
Rebecca Protten: From Slave to Educator and Missionary on Both Sides of the Atlantic
Reflection
CHAPTER 8: COLONIAL NORTH AMERICA
New England Primer
Jonathan Edwards
Background and Context
Enlightenment Influence
Philosophy of Education
Rationalism versus Emotionalism
Educational Theory into Practice
Reflection
CHAPTER 9: REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS
Benjamin Rush and His Revolutionary Proposal
Philosophical Influences
Benjamin Rush and Thomas Jefferson Compared
Female Education
Thomas Jefferson: Educational Reformer
Judith Sargent Murray: A Revolutionary Woman
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi: Meanwhile, Back in Europe
Reflection
CHAPTER 10: EARLY NATIONAL ERA AND THE COMMON SCHOOL MOVEMENT
Background and Historical Context
Northwest Ordinances
Other Mass Education Movements
Horace Mann
William McGuffey, Textbook Author
Beecher Family: Preachers and Social Reformers
Lyman Beecher: Father, Theologian, and Social Reformer
Catharine Beecher, Proponent of Female Teachers
Unitarianism and a Tale of Two Horaces
Unitarianism
Horace Bushnell: Progressive Orthodoxy and Christian Nurture in the Church
Reflection
CHAPTER 11: EDUCATION IN THE ANTEBELLUM, CIVIL WAR, AND RECONSTRUCTION ERAS
Except in the South: Historiography of Education in the American South
Historiographic Narratives of American Education
Historiographic Frameworks for the South
Margaret Douglass: Prosecuted for Teaching Freed Black Children
Background and Historical Context
Trial of Margaret Douglass
Perspectives on Douglass
General Oliver Otis Howard: Educational Reformer and Christian Soldier
Christian Soldier of the Civil War
Civil War Service
Freedmen’s Bureau and Howard University
Reflection
CHAPTER 12: NATIVE AMERICAN EDUCATION: JOURNEY TO AUTONOMY AND RECIPROCITY
American Indian Perspectives on Education
Pre-Columbian Education
European Contact and Exchange of Knowledge
Catholic and Protestant Missionaries
Education of Natives by the United States Government
Reflection
CHAPTER 13: PROGRESSIVE TRAILBLAZER: SUSAN MILLER DORSEY
Development of Progressive Education
Susan Miller Dorsey’s Legacy
Reflection
CHAPTER 14: WORLD WAR II: IMPACT ON EDUCATIONAL POLICY AND PRACTICE
European War and Non-War Countries: Individual Income Potential
Poland: Cultural Adjustment and Readjustment
Finland: Teacher Education and the Finnebørn
England: Schools and Air Raids
United States: Wartime Educational Reforms
Reflection
CHAPTER 15: POLITICS AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY
Race to the Top: Clinton, Bush, Obama, and Trump
Developments Prior to the Space Race
A Lever Long Enough: LBJ and the War against Poverty
Controversy amid Increasing Reforms
Accountability Movement
Reflection
CHAPTER 16: EXISTENTIALISM AND KIERKEGAARD: STUDENT CHOICE AND AUTHENTIC RELATIONSHIP
Søren Kierkegaard: Background and Historical Context
Existentialism
Epistemology
Doubt, Reflection, and Humility
Faith and Reason: Subjective and Objective Knowledge
Nature of the Learner and Stages of Development
Implications for Curriculum and Instruction
Reflection
CHAPTER 17: PAULO FREIRE, LIBERATION THEOLOGY, AND CRITICAL PEDAGOGY
Gustavo Gutiérrez and Liberation Theology
Two Intuitions and Two Violences
Imagery in Liberation Theology
Criticisms of Liberation Theology
Paulo Freire and Critical Pedagogy
Protégés of Freire
Reflection
APPENDIX A: EDUCATIONAL THINKERS FOR FURTHER STUDY
APPENDIX B: OVERVIEW OF SELECT PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION
Transmission and Transformation of Culture
Theories for Transmission: Passing the Baton
Theories for Transformation: Changing the Culture
Biblical Lens
Understanding the Basics of Select Philosophies of Education
APPENDIX C: FORMULATING A PERSONAL PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION
Thesis Statement
Philosophy of Schools and Learning
Instructional Practice
Figuring It Out: What’s My Philosophy?
APPENDIX D: RELIGIOUS RIGHTS IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOL CLASSROOM
Landmark Supreme Court Case: Engel v. Vitale, 1962
Role of Religion in Public Schools: General Guidelines
Student Religious Expression
Teacher Religious Expression
Teaching about Religion
Graduations and Other Ceremonies
GLOSSARY OF SELECT TERMS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Samuel James Smith serves as Professor of Education at Liberty University and is Director of School Administration Programs. He began his career as an English and history teacher and later became a school principal. His specialization is in Curriculum and Instruction with a focus on historical and philosophical foundations of education. He has worked as a teacher and administrator in Houston, Texas, and Daytona Beach, Florida. He began teaching in higher education at Mid-America Christian University in Oklahoma City while completing his doctorate at Oklahoma State University. He studied history at Houston Baptist University and Liberty University. His research pursuits involve the topics of learning theory, character education, educational leadership, and second-career teachers.
Windows into the History and Philosophy of Education is designed for readers with an understanding of the general history of education and the philosophies that have motivated educators of the past. It provides reads with historical and philosophical foundations of education, a list of significant educational thinkers of the past, an overview of select educational theories, and strategies for formulating one’s personal philosophy of education.
Windows into the History and Philosophy of Education:
- Is Comprehensive! It Is divided into 17 chapters – each of which is a window into a period of time that highlights particular individuals and educational developments during that time.
- Promotes Comprehension! Key Terms and Topics are bolded and highlighted at the beginning of each chapter and within the framework of the content.
- Encourages Self Reflection! Each chapter includes questions that help readers to review content from the chapter itself and to encourage exploration into supplementary sources for further research.
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
INTRODUCTION
History as Windows and Lenses
A Personal Lens: Situation to Self
Overview
Focus: Key Topics and Terms
Mirrors: Reflections into One’s Own Beliefs i
CHAPTER 1: ANCIENT ATHENS: BIRTHPLACE OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY
Philosophical Milieu of Ancient Athens
Stoics
Epicureans
Skeptics and Sophists
Plato’s Idealism
Aristotle’s Realism
Reflection
CHAPTER 2: AUGUSTINE: IDEALISM THROUGH A CHRISTIAN LENS
Background and Context
Learning in Community
Augustine’s Philosophy of Education
Augustine’s Epistemology
Augustine’s Curriculum and Instruction
Reflection
CHAPTER 3: THOMAS AQUINAS: REALISM THROUGH A CHRISTIAN LENS
Background and Context
Epistemological Arguments Related to the Nature and Acquisition of Truth
Aquinas’s Theory Applied to Curriculum and Instruction
Through Time and Other Lenses
Reflection
CHAPTER 4: FIFTEENTH-CENTURY ATLANTIC WORLD
The Americas
Africa
Europe
Reflection
CHAPTER 5: REFORMATION AND THE EXPLOSION OF LEARNING
Martin Luther’s Ideas and Influence on Education
Printing and the Dissemination of Ideas
Priesthood of All Believers: Literacy and Vocation
Intersection of Luther’s Theology and Educational Philosophy
Other Reformers and Their Influence on Educational Developments
Philipp Melanchthon
Desiderius Erasmus
John Calvin
Reflection
CHAPTER 6: JESUITS IN THE ATLANTIC WORLD, 1500s-1700s
The Americas and Jesuit Education
Africa and Jesuit Education
Reflection
CHAPTER 7: SLAVERY IN THE NEW WORLD
Demographics and Assimilation of North American Enslaved People
Living, Working, and Learning Environments
Rebecca Protten: From Slave to Educator and Missionary on Both Sides of the Atlantic
Reflection
CHAPTER 8: COLONIAL NORTH AMERICA
New England Primer
Jonathan Edwards
Background and Context
Enlightenment Influence
Philosophy of Education
Rationalism versus Emotionalism
Educational Theory into Practice
Reflection
CHAPTER 9: REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS
Benjamin Rush and His Revolutionary Proposal
Philosophical Influences
Benjamin Rush and Thomas Jefferson Compared
Female Education
Thomas Jefferson: Educational Reformer
Judith Sargent Murray: A Revolutionary Woman
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi: Meanwhile, Back in Europe
Reflection
CHAPTER 10: EARLY NATIONAL ERA AND THE COMMON SCHOOL MOVEMENT
Background and Historical Context
Northwest Ordinances
Other Mass Education Movements
Horace Mann
William McGuffey, Textbook Author
Beecher Family: Preachers and Social Reformers
Lyman Beecher: Father, Theologian, and Social Reformer
Catharine Beecher, Proponent of Female Teachers
Unitarianism and a Tale of Two Horaces
Unitarianism
Horace Bushnell: Progressive Orthodoxy and Christian Nurture in the Church
Reflection
CHAPTER 11: EDUCATION IN THE ANTEBELLUM, CIVIL WAR, AND RECONSTRUCTION ERAS
Except in the South: Historiography of Education in the American South
Historiographic Narratives of American Education
Historiographic Frameworks for the South
Margaret Douglass: Prosecuted for Teaching Freed Black Children
Background and Historical Context
Trial of Margaret Douglass
Perspectives on Douglass
General Oliver Otis Howard: Educational Reformer and Christian Soldier
Christian Soldier of the Civil War
Civil War Service
Freedmen’s Bureau and Howard University
Reflection
CHAPTER 12: NATIVE AMERICAN EDUCATION: JOURNEY TO AUTONOMY AND RECIPROCITY
American Indian Perspectives on Education
Pre-Columbian Education
European Contact and Exchange of Knowledge
Catholic and Protestant Missionaries
Education of Natives by the United States Government
Reflection
CHAPTER 13: PROGRESSIVE TRAILBLAZER: SUSAN MILLER DORSEY
Development of Progressive Education
Susan Miller Dorsey’s Legacy
Reflection
CHAPTER 14: WORLD WAR II: IMPACT ON EDUCATIONAL POLICY AND PRACTICE
European War and Non-War Countries: Individual Income Potential
Poland: Cultural Adjustment and Readjustment
Finland: Teacher Education and the Finnebørn
England: Schools and Air Raids
United States: Wartime Educational Reforms
Reflection
CHAPTER 15: POLITICS AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY
Race to the Top: Clinton, Bush, Obama, and Trump
Developments Prior to the Space Race
A Lever Long Enough: LBJ and the War against Poverty
Controversy amid Increasing Reforms
Accountability Movement
Reflection
CHAPTER 16: EXISTENTIALISM AND KIERKEGAARD: STUDENT CHOICE AND AUTHENTIC RELATIONSHIP
Søren Kierkegaard: Background and Historical Context
Existentialism
Epistemology
Doubt, Reflection, and Humility
Faith and Reason: Subjective and Objective Knowledge
Nature of the Learner and Stages of Development
Implications for Curriculum and Instruction
Reflection
CHAPTER 17: PAULO FREIRE, LIBERATION THEOLOGY, AND CRITICAL PEDAGOGY
Gustavo Gutiérrez and Liberation Theology
Two Intuitions and Two Violences
Imagery in Liberation Theology
Criticisms of Liberation Theology
Paulo Freire and Critical Pedagogy
Protégés of Freire
Reflection
APPENDIX A: EDUCATIONAL THINKERS FOR FURTHER STUDY
APPENDIX B: OVERVIEW OF SELECT PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION
Transmission and Transformation of Culture
Theories for Transmission: Passing the Baton
Theories for Transformation: Changing the Culture
Biblical Lens
Understanding the Basics of Select Philosophies of Education
APPENDIX C: FORMULATING A PERSONAL PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION
Thesis Statement
Philosophy of Schools and Learning
Instructional Practice
Figuring It Out: What’s My Philosophy?
APPENDIX D: RELIGIOUS RIGHTS IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOL CLASSROOM
Landmark Supreme Court Case: Engel v. Vitale, 1962
Role of Religion in Public Schools: General Guidelines
Student Religious Expression
Teacher Religious Expression
Teaching about Religion
Graduations and Other Ceremonies
GLOSSARY OF SELECT TERMS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Samuel James Smith serves as Professor of Education at Liberty University and is Director of School Administration Programs. He began his career as an English and history teacher and later became a school principal. His specialization is in Curriculum and Instruction with a focus on historical and philosophical foundations of education. He has worked as a teacher and administrator in Houston, Texas, and Daytona Beach, Florida. He began teaching in higher education at Mid-America Christian University in Oklahoma City while completing his doctorate at Oklahoma State University. He studied history at Houston Baptist University and Liberty University. His research pursuits involve the topics of learning theory, character education, educational leadership, and second-career teachers.