Fundamentals of Police Science, Preliminary Edition

Introduction

Chapter 1 Democratic Policing

Overview 

Life, Liberty, and Property

Democratic Policing: What Is It? 

Coercion as the Core Function of the Police

Liberty as the Core Organizing Principle of Policing:  The Intelligent Use of Coercion

The Lack of Adequate Information about Police Coercion

Chapter 2 The Conceptual Basis and Historical Development of the Police from the Ancient World to England in the 1800s

Why Study History?

The Origins of Policing

Police in Ancient Egypt

Police in Ancient Greece

Police in Ancient Rome 

Vigiles

Cohortes Urbanae

Praetorian Guard

Policing in the Anglo-Saxon Period

Frankpledge

Constables, Watchmen, and Thief-Takers and Stipendiary Policing

Bow Street Runners

River Police (Thames Police)

The Metropolitan Police Act and Sir Robert Peal

Sir Robert Peel

Chapter 3 Modern and Postmodern Policing in the United States

Why Did Policing in the United States Alter Course from Britain? 

Early Police Departments in the United States 

Boston          

The New York Police Department 

The New York Metropolitan Police

The Philadelphia Police Department

Summary 

Policing Eras

The Postmodern Era of Policing

Chapter 4 Criminal Law

Federalism and Policing

Due Process Versus Crime Control

Criminal Law 

Substantive Law 

Criminal Procedure 

A Brief History

The Warren Court

Opposition 

Police Procedure

Fourth Amendment Interpretations 

Legal Standards For Seizing Persons 

Consensual Encounters

Investigative Detentions

Frisks and Pat-Downs

Beyond Terry

Duration of A “Reasonable” Investigative Detention

Police Actions

Arrests

Warrant and Warrantless Arrests

Entry To Arrest

Search Warrants   

Facial Recognition

Exceptions To Search Warrants

The Search-Incident-To-Arrest Exception 

The Plain-View Exception

The Community Caretaker Exception

Consensual Searches 

Exigent Circumstances 

Hot Pursuit

Automobile Exception

Inventory Searches

Pretextual Stops

Interrogations and Confessions

Going Forward

Chapter 5 The Basic Functions of Police Work

Basic Functions

Law Enforcement (aka Crime Control)

Order Maintenance

Service

Managing Calls for Service

Resources 

History

How was the number 9-1-1 chosen?

911 Today

Patrol Practices

Patrol Personnel Deployment: Beats

Patrol Personnel Deployment: Shifts

Types of Patrol

Research on Patrol Practices

Rapid Response to Incidents

Two Officers versus One

Foot Patrol

Preventative Patrol

Targeted Patrol Practices 

Special Patrols 

Traffic Function

Chapter 6 Local Agency Structure and Organization

Overview 

Organizational Mission and Mission Statement

Bureaucracy and Organizational Structure

Community Policing and Organizational Change

Special Functions and Units

Multi-Jurisdictional Task Forces (MJTFs)

Police Paramilitary Units

Chapter 7 How the Business of Policing Works - Operations, Management, and Administration

The Job of Police Officer: Fact versus Fiction

The Importance of Recruitment and Selection

The Recruitment and Selection Process 

Eligibility Requirements

Testing and Screening

Training New Recruits 

The Extent and Impact of Diversity in Law Enforcement  

The Effectiveness of Female and Minority Officers

The Push for College-Educated Officers

Does a College Degree Make a Difference?

Minimum Education Requirements

How Many Cops Have a College Degree?

Police Subculture

Police Stress

Chapter 8 Entering “The Job” 

“The Job”

The Police Personality 

Self-Selection Or Socialization 

Argument #1 People Self-Select Police Work

Argument #2 The Police Ethos Is The Product of Job Socialization

Pre-Entry Choice

Multiple-Hurdle Procedure

Admittance and Introduction

War Stories

Encounter

Day 1 At The Agency (Post-Academy Graduation)

The Fto Process

The Cop’s Code

Acceptance of Group Rules

Metamorphosis

Working Personality

The Public

Dirty Work

Nuance Wins The Day

Is Policing A Dangerous Occupation?

Risk Factors

Risk

Databases

Assault

Putting Things In Perspective

Accidents

What Is The Model Profile?

The Ideal Personality Characteristics

Warriors Versus Guardians

Chapter 9 Responding to Problems

Organizational Methods

Community-Oriented Policing

Problem-Oriented Policing

Broken Windows Policing 

Operational Methods

Place-Based Strategies

Offender-Based Strategies

Evidence-Based Policing 

A Summary of the Evidence on Policing Practices

Effectiveness and Equity

Chapter 10 Police Behavior

Overview 

Effect of Police Behavior on Citizen Cooperation 

Key Concepts: Legitimacy and Procedural Justice

Biased Policing

Police Deviance 

Varieties of Police Deviance

Police Integrity

Explaining Police Deviance

Police Coercion and the Use of Force

Understanding Why the Police use Force

The Reasonableness of Force

Nature and Extent of Use of Force

Title 42 United States Code, Section 14142: Data on use of excessive force